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Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal tetrahedral value,...
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this staggered...
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

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(S,S) -trans-ciclopentano-peptido restringido ácidos nucleicos. ácidos nucleicos. una modificación general de la

Jonathan K Pokorski1, Mark A Witschi, Bethany L Purnell

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 19, 2004
PubMed
Resumen

Los ácidos nucleicos peptídicos modificados (PNA) con diamina transciclopentano muestran una mayor afinidad y especificidad de unión al ADN. Estos nuevos tcypPNA son prometedores para las sondas de análisis genómico.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
  • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
  • Química sintética de la química sintética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los ácidos nucleicos péptidos (PNA) son imitaciones de ADN con una columna vertebral neutral.
  • El PNA de aminoetilglicina (aegPNA) es un tipo común de PNA.
  • Mejorar la afinidad y la especificidad de unión de PNA es crucial para las aplicaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para sintetizar y caracterizar una nueva clase de PNAs que incorporan unidades de diamina (S,S) -trans-ciclopentano.
  • Evaluar el impacto de estas modificaciones en las propiedades de unión al ADN.
  • Explorar el potencial de estos PNA modificados como sondas de análisis genómico.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de columnas vertebrales de PNA con diferentes números y posiciones de unidades de diamina (S,S) -trans-ciclopentano.
  • Incorporación de secuencias de base mixta en la columna vertebral de PNA.
  • Evaluación de la afinidad de unión y la especificidad de la secuencia al ADN complementario.

Principales resultados:

  • La sustitución de la etilenediamina por unidades de diamina (S,S) -trans-ciclopentano aumentó significativamente la afinidad de unión al PNA.
  • Se observó una mayor especificidad de la secuencia al ADN complementario.
  • Los nuevos tcypPNA demostraron su idoneidad para aplicaciones de sondas de ácido nucleico.

Conclusiones:

  • La incorporación de unidades de diamina (S,S) -trans-ciclopentano representa una estrategia exitosa para mejorar el rendimiento del PNA.
  • tcypPNAs ofrecen propiedades mejoradas para el análisis genómico.
  • Este trabajo amplía el conjunto de herramientas para el diagnóstico molecular basado en PNA y la investigación.