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Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
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Pathogens spread from their reservoirs to susceptible hosts through three main routes: contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission. Each route involves distinct mechanisms of transfer.Contact TransmissionThis category includes direct contact, indirect contact, and droplet transmission:Direct contact involves immediate physical interaction between individuals—such as a handshake—which can spread pathogens like Streptococcus pyogenes, the bacterium responsible for...

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Enfermedades transmisibles en emergencias complejas: impacto y desafíos.

Máire A Connolly1, Michelle Gayer, Michael J Ryan

  • 1World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. connollyma@who.int

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Las enfermedades transmisibles y la desnutrición causan la mayoría de las muertes en situaciones de emergencia. Existen intervenciones efectivas, pero requieren una implementación sistemática y una mejor coordinación para mejorar los resultados de salud pública.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Salud Pública La salud pública.
  • Epidemiología La epidemiología.
  • Medicina de emergencia Medicina de emergencia.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las enfermedades transmisibles, a menudo exacerbadas por la desnutrición, son las principales causas de mortalidad en emergencias complejas.
  • Los factores sinérgicos aumentan la transmisión de enfermedades, lo que lleva a altas tasas de diarrea, infecciones respiratorias, malaria y sarampión.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para resaltar la necesidad crítica de intervenciones efectivas en emergencias complejas.
  • Para identificar los desafíos en la prestación de servicios de salud durante las crisis.
  • Abogar por la implementación sistemática y una mejor coordinación de las estrategias de salud pública.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la literatura existente sobre el control de enfermedades transmisibles en entornos de emergencia.
  • Análisis de los factores que influyen en la transmisión de la enfermedad y la entrega de la intervención.
  • Síntesis de la evidencia sobre los componentes esenciales de la salud pública.

Principales resultados:

  • Intervenciones efectivas, incluyendo refugio, agua, saneamiento, manejo de casos, inmunización y vigilancia están disponibles.
  • La entrega de estas intervenciones a menudo se ve obstaculizada por la escasez de personal de salud, el daño a la infraestructura, la inseguridad y la mala coordinación.
  • Si bien existe progreso en los entornos de los campamentos, las emergencias a gran escala presentan mayores desafíos.

Conclusiones:

  • La implementación sistemática y coordinada de las intervenciones disponibles es crucial para reducir el exceso de morbilidad y mortalidad en emergencias complejas.
  • Es esencial una mayor coordinación entre los gobiernos, las agencias de la ONU y las ONG.
  • Se necesita más investigación para adaptar las intervenciones y desarrollar nuevos diagnósticos, vacunas y terapias.