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Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...

Development of Human Microbiota

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The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

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The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...

Human Virome

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...

Reservoir of Infection

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...

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Cost-effective Method for Microbial Source Tracking Using Specific Human and Animal Viruses

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Published on: December 3, 2011

Las infecciones polimicrobianas humanas.

Kim A Brogden¹, Janet M Guthmiller, Christopher E Taylor

¹Department of Periodontics and Dows Institute for Dental Research, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. kim-brogden@uiowa.edu

Lancet (London, England)

|January 18, 2005

Resumen

Las enfermedades polimicrobianas son cada vez más reconocidas. La interferencia microbiana, como Streptococcus pneumoniae que protege contra Staphylococcus aureus, pone de relieve las interacciones complejas que afectan a la salud y los tratamientos de enfermedades.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Microbiología Microbiología.
Enfermedades infecciosas Enfermedades infecciosas.
Inmunología Inmunología.

Sus antecedentes:

Las enfermedades polimicrobianas, que involucran múltiples patógenos, son cada vez más frecuentes.
Estas infecciones surgen de la creación de nichos, la predisposición del huésped o los organismos sinérgicos no patógenos.
La interferencia microbiana, donde un microbio protege contra otro, es una interacción clave.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para resaltar el creciente reconocimiento de las enfermedades polimicrobianas.
Para enfatizar la importancia de las interacciones de la comunidad microbiana en la salud humana.
Discutir las implicaciones para las terapias médicas y las estrategias de prevención.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de la literatura reciente sobre las interacciones microbianas.
Análisis de los estudios sobre el transporte de Streptococcus pneumoniae y Staphylococcus aureus.
Examen del impacto de la vacunación conjugada neumocócica en la dinámica del transporte.

Principales resultados:

Los estudios sugieren que el transporte de Streptococcus pneumoniae puede inhibir el transporte de Staphylococcus aureus.
La vacunación conjugada contra neumococos se ha relacionado con un aumento del transporte de Staphylococcus aureus.
Esto indica una interrupción de la interferencia microbiana natural por la vacunación.

Conclusiones:

La comunidad médica reconoce la importancia de las enfermedades polimicrobianas y las interacciones microbianas.
Comprender estas interacciones es crucial para desarrollar tratamientos y prevención efectivos.
Las terapias actuales están empezando a incorporar la naturaleza polimicrobiana de las enfermedades.