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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Hearing01:31

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
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The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of their outer...
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
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Piaget's Stage 1 of Cognitive Development

The sensorimotor stage, the initial phase of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, spans the first two years of a child's life. During this period, infants actively engage with their surroundings, building cognitive awareness through direct interaction with the world. This interaction is primarily based on sensory perception and motor actions, allowing infants to gradually understand basic physical properties and predict how objects interact within their environment.
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Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations
06:34

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Published on: July 1, 2015

Pérdida auditiva neurosensorial en niños.

Richard J H Smith1, James F Bale, Karl R White

  • 1Molecular Otolaryngology Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. Richard-smith@uiowa.edu

Lancet (London, England)
|March 9, 2005
PubMed
Resumen

La pérdida auditiva infantil adquirida ha disminuido en las naciones desarrolladas debido a una mejor atención y vacunas. Sin embargo, la pérdida auditiva hereditaria, particularmente del gen GJB2, está aumentando, lo que requiere asesoramiento genético y educación en salud a nivel mundial.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Genética La genética.
  • Salud Pública La salud pública.
  • Audiología Audiología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La incidencia de la pérdida auditiva neurosensorial adquirida (SNHL) en niños ha disminuido en los países desarrollados durante 30-40 años.
  • Las mejoras en la atención neonatal y los programas generalizados de inmunización son factores clave en esta disminución.
  • Esta disminución es paralela a un aumento relativo en las formas hereditarias de SNHL, con el gen GJB2 jugando un papel significativo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Analizar el panorama cambiante de la pérdida auditiva infantil, centrándose en las causas adquiridas frente a las hereditarias.
  • Para resaltar el impacto de los factores genéticos, específicamente el gen GJB2, en la evaluación y la atención de la HNSN.
  • Para comparar las tendencias en los países desarrollados frente a los menos desarrollados y proponer intervenciones.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de las tendencias epidemiológicas en la pérdida auditiva neurosensorial en la infancia durante varias décadas.
  • Análisis de la contribución de los factores genéticos, incluido el gen GJB2, a la carga general de SNHL.
  • Evaluación comparativa de la prevalencia de SNHL en países desarrollados y menos desarrollados, teniendo en cuenta factores como la consanguinidad y la pobreza.

Principales resultados:

  • Los países desarrollados muestran una disminución en la SNHL adquirida, pero un aumento relativo en la SNHL heredada.
  • La contribución del gen GJB2 a la SNHL es significativa en las evaluaciones genéticas.
  • Los países menos desarrollados, especialmente aquellos con alta consanguinidad y pobreza, exhiben tasas más altas de SNHL tanto adquirida como heredada, sin disminución observada.

Conclusiones:

  • El asesoramiento genético dirigido y la educación en salud son cruciales para reducir la SNHL hereditaria en los países menos desarrollados.
  • La implementación de programas de vacunación para enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles puede disminuir las tasas de SNHL adquiridas.
  • La prevención de infecciones a través de la vacunación ofrece un beneficio secundario de reducir las discapacidades permanentes como SNHL en los sobrevivientes.