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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: May 9, 2026

An In Ovo Model for Testing Insulin-mimetic Compounds
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El autoensamblaje reversible de la insulina bajo control de carbohidratos.

Thomas Hoeg-Jensen1, Svend Havelund, Peter K Nielsen

  • 1Novo Nordisk, Novo Alle 6B2.54, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark. tshj@novonordisk.com

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 28, 2005
PubMed
Resumen

El autoensamblaje de la insulina puede ser controlado por los carbohidratos. Este autoensamblaje de proteínas controlado por carbohidratos tiene potencial para aplicaciones de administración de medicamentos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La bioquímica es la bioquímica.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Entrega de drogas Envío de drogas

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las terapias de proteínas y péptidos ofrecen beneficios clínicos significativos.
  • El control de la solubilidad y la cinética de liberación de fármacos basados en proteínas es un gran desafío.
  • Los métodos existentes para la estabilización de proteínas y la liberación controlada son a menudo complejos o de alcance limitado.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un nuevo método para crear autoensamblajes de insulina solubles y de alto peso molecular.
  • Para demostrar el control mediado por carbohidratos sobre estos autoensamblajes de insulina.
  • Explorar el potencial de este sistema para la estabilización de proteínas / péptidos y la liberación controlada de fármacos.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis de derivados de la insulina con funcionalidades integradas de boronato y poliol.
  • Investigando el comportamiento de autoensamblaje de la insulina modificada en respuesta a diferentes concentraciones de carbohidratos.
  • Caracterizar el tamaño, la solubilidad y la estabilidad de los autoensamblajes resultantes utilizando técnicas biofísicas.

Principales resultados:

  • La insulina modificada con boronatos y polioles forma autoensamblajes solubles de alto peso molecular.
  • El proceso de autoensamblaje fue controlado de manera reversible por la presencia y concentración de carbohidratos específicos.
  • El sistema demostró potencial para la liberación sostenida de insulina.

Conclusiones:

  • El autoensamblaje sensible a los carbohidratos ofrece una estrategia prometedora para la estabilización de proteínas y péptidos.
  • Este enfoque proporciona una plataforma sintonizable para aplicaciones de liberación controlada de drogas.
  • El principio ilustrado tiene amplias implicaciones para el desarrollo de terapias avanzadas basadas en proteínas.