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Limpiar el aire y mejorar la salud con vehículos de pila de combustible de hidrógeno
M Z Jacobson1, W G Colella, D M Golden
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA. jacobson@stanford.edu
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 25, 2005
Resumen
La transición de los vehículos estadounidenses a los vehículos de pila de combustible de hidrógeno (HFCV) puede mejorar significativamente la calidad del aire y la salud. Los HFCV impulsados por el viento ofrecen los beneficios climáticos más sustanciales y podrían salvar miles de vidas anualmente.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias ambientales Ciencias ambientales.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Política energética Política energética Política energética
Sus antecedentes:
- Los vehículos de carretera actuales tienen un impacto significativo en la calidad del aire, la salud pública y el clima debido a las emisiones de escape.
- Los vehículos de pila de combustible de hidrógeno (HFCV) presentan una alternativa potencial a los vehículos con motor de combustión interna.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar los impactos potenciales de convertir todos los vehículos de carretera estadounidenses en HFCV en la calidad del aire, la salud pública y el clima.
- Para comparar los beneficios de los HFCV utilizando diferentes métodos de producción de hidrógeno: reformado de vapor de gas natural, electrólisis eólica y gasificación de carbón.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis comparativo de los impactos ambientales y de salud basado en diferentes fuentes de hidrógeno.
- Modelado de la calidad del aire, el clima y los resultados de salud asociados con una transición completa a los HFCV.
Principales resultados:
- La eliminación de los gases de escape actuales del vehículo ofrece los beneficios más significativos.
- Los HFCV alimentados por electrólisis eólica o gas natural producen los mayores beneficios para la salud, con el potencial de salvar 3700-6400 vidas al año.
- Los HFCV eólicos proporcionan las ventajas climáticas más significativas, mientras que los HFCV basados en carbón podrían impactar negativamente en el clima más que los vehículos híbridos.
Conclusiones:
- La adopción generalizada de los HFCV en los EE.UU. promete mejoras sustanciales en la calidad del aire, la salud pública y la mitigación del clima.
- La producción de hidrógeno a través de la electrólisis eólica puede ser competitiva en costos con los precios actuales de la gasolina.
- La elección del método de producción de hidrógeno influye de manera crítica en los resultados globales ambientales y de salud.
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