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Vacunación infantil y hospitalización por enfermedades infecciosas no dirigidas
Anders Hviid1, Jan Wohlfahrt, Michael Stellfeld
1Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. aii@ssi.dk
JAMA
|August 11, 2005
Resumen
Este estudio no encontró evidencia de que las vacunas infantiles aumenten el riesgo de hospitalización por otras infecciones. Las vacunas de rutina son seguras y no sobrecargan el sistema inmunológico, protegiendo a los niños de enfermedades graves.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Inmunología Inmunología.
- Vacunología Vacunología.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las hipótesis sugieren que las vacunas de antígenos múltiples o la exposición agregada a la vacuna pueden causar disfunción inmune.
- Esta disfunción inmune podría conducir a una mayor susceptibilidad a enfermedades infecciosas no dirigidas a través de un mecanismo de "sobrecarga".
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la asociación entre las vacunas infantiles administradas rutinariamente y la hospitalización por enfermedades infecciosas no dirigidas.
- Evaluar el impacto de la carga de antígeno de la vacuna y la exposición agregada a la vacuna en la respuesta inmune y el riesgo de infección.
Principales métodos:
- Un estudio de cohorte basado en la población incluyó a 805.206 niños nacidos en Dinamarca (1990-2001).
- Se recopilaron datos longitudinales sobre tipos de vacunas, dosis y hospitalizaciones para enfermedades infecciosas específicas.
- Se calcularon ratios de tasa para evaluar las asociaciones entre el estado de vacunación y la hospitalización por enfermedad infecciosa.
Principales resultados:
- No se encontraron asociaciones adversas significativas entre la mayoría de las vacunas infantiles de rutina y la hospitalización por enfermedades infecciosas no dirigidas.
- Se observó una sola asociación menor entre la vacuna Haemophilus influenzae tipo b y la infección aguda del tracto respiratorio superior, dentro de las expectativas de azar.
- No se relacionó ningún aumento en el riesgo de hospitalización por enfermedades infecciosas con un número creciente de dosis de vacunas o exposición agregada a la vacuna.
Conclusiones:
- Los hallazgos del estudio no apoyan la hipótesis de que las vacunas de antígenos múltiples o la exposición agregada a la vacuna eleven el riesgo de hospitalización por enfermedades infecciosas no dirigidas.
- Los resultados indican que las vacunas infantiles de rutina no están asociadas con una mayor susceptibilidad a otras infecciones.
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