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Efectos de los ácidos grasos omega-3 en el riesgo de cáncer: una revisión sistemática
Catherine H MacLean1, Sydne J Newberry, Walter A Mojica
1Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center, RAND Health, Santa Monica 90407-2138, USA. maclean@rand.org
JAMA
|January 26, 2006
Resumen
Los ácidos grasos omega-3 no parecen reducir significativamente el riesgo de cáncer. Una revisión exhaustiva de numerosos estudios no encontró evidencia consistente que vincule el consumo de omega-3 con la prevención del cáncer.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La epidemiología nutricional.
- Investigación del cáncer Investigación del cáncer.
- La medicina preventiva es la medicina preventiva de las enfermedades.
Sus antecedentes:
- Se cree ampliamente que los ácidos grasos omega-3 ofrecen beneficios protectores contra el cáncer.
- Sin embargo, la evidencia científica existente sobre esta asociación sigue siendo inconclusa y a menudo contradictoria.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar y sintetizar sistemáticamente la evidencia de estudios de cohorte prospectivos sobre la relación entre la ingesta de ácidos grasos omega-3 y la incidencia del cáncer.
- Proporcionar una estimación consolidada del efecto de los ácidos grasos omega-3 en el riesgo de cáncer.
Principales métodos:
- Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva de la literatura en varias bases de datos (MEDLINE, EMBASE, etc.) e incluyó datos no publicados.
- Se seleccionaron 38 estudios prospectivos de cohorte con poblaciones humanas basados en criterios predefinidos.
- Los datos sobre la incidencia del cáncer, la exposición a omega-3 y la calidad del estudio fueron extraídos de forma independiente por dos revisores.
Principales resultados:
- El análisis de 20 cohortes en 7 países reveló 65 estimaciones de asociación, de las cuales solo 8 fueron estadísticamente significativas.
- La heterogeneidad entre los estudios impidió la puesta en común de datos.
- Si bien algunos estudios mostraron asociaciones significativas para cánceres específicos (por ejemplo, de mama, pulmón, próstata, piel), estos no fueron consistentes, y muchos no mostraron un vínculo significativo.
Conclusiones:
- El cuerpo de evidencia disponible de numerosas cohortes internacionales no apoya una asociación significativa entre el consumo de ácidos grasos omega-3 y la incidencia de cáncer.
- Es poco probable que la suplementación dietética con ácidos grasos omega-3 sea una estrategia efectiva para la prevención del cáncer.
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