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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).Mechanisms of Genetic VariationThe original sources of genetic variation are mutations,...
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.Life is not fair. A deer grazing contentedly in a field can have her meal cut tragically short by a bolt of lightning. If the doomed doe is one of only three in the population, 1/3 of the population’s gene pool is lost. Random events like this can...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
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Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...

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Procedure for Adaptive Laboratory Evolution of Microorganisms Using a Chemostat
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Evolución de un polifenismo por acomodación genética.

Yuichiro Suzuki1, H Frederik Nijhout

  • 1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. ys16@duke.edu

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 4, 2006
PubMed
Resumen

Una mutación reveló una variación genética oculta en la coloración larval de Manduca sexta bajo estrés térmico. Esto condujo a la evolución de un polifenismo de color, lo que demuestra cómo la regulación hormonal puede facilitar la evolución adaptativa.

Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Biología del desarrollo Biología del desarrollo.
  • Genética La genética.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los polifenismos son variaciones fenotípicas discretas inducidas por el medio ambiente de un solo genoma.
  • Los orígenes evolutivos de los polifenismos siguen siendo poco conocidos.
  • Las vías de desarrollo pueden enmascarar la variación genética subyacente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos subyacentes al origen de los polifenismos.
  • Explorar el papel de la variación genética y el estrés ambiental en la evolución del polifenismo.
  • Comprender cómo las vías hormonales del desarrollo influyen en la plasticidad fenotípica adaptativa.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizó Manduca sexta como organismo modelo.

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  • Introdujo una mutación en la vía reguladora de las hormonas juveniles.
  • Estrés térmico aplicado para revelar las normas de reacción latente de la coloración larval.
  • Selección aplicada para un mayor cambio de color en respuesta al calor.

    • Principales resultados:

    • Una mutación de la vía hormonal juvenil descubrió una norma de reacción oculta para la coloración larval bajo estrés térmico.
    • La selección para el cambio de color inducido por el calor condujo a la evolución de un polifenismo de color larval.
    • La acomodación genética resultó en títulos hormonales alterados correlacionados con el polifenismo evolucionado.

    Conclusiones:

    • La regulación de la hormona del desarrollo puede actuar como un capacitor evolutivo, enmascarando la variación genética.
    • Este enmascaramiento facilita el surgimiento de nuevos fenotipos adaptativos, como los polifenismos.
    • El estudio proporciona un mecanismo para el origen de la plasticidad fenotípica adaptativa.