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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Gas Exchange and Transport01:20

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
External and Internal Respiration01:24

External and Internal Respiration

External respiration occurs in the lungs, and it is the first step in the journey of oxygen inside the body. When we inhale, oxygen enters our lungs and diffuses across the thin alveolar membrane. The alveoli are tiny, air-filled sacs that provide a vast surface area for gas exchange. Oxygen in the alveoli has a higher partial pressure (105 mmHg) than in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries (40 mmHg), establishing a pressure gradient. As a result, oxygen molecules move from the alveoli into the...

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Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures
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Whole-Body Nanoparticle Aerosol Inhalation Exposures

Published on: May 7, 2013

Separación por difusión de la atmósfera inferior.

Yosuke Adachi1, Kenji Kawamura, Laurence Armi

  • 1Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0244, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 11, 2006
PubMed
Resumen

Los gases atmosféricos se separan por la gravedad, un fenómeno previamente indetectable en la atmósfera baja debido a la turbulencia. Los investigadores detectaron esta separación gravitacional en el aire cercano a la superficie, impulsada principalmente por influencias térmicas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias de la atmósfera Ciencias atmosféricas.
  • La geofísica es la geofísica.
  • Química Física es la química física.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La separación gravitacional de los gases atmosféricos se ha teorizado durante casi 200 años.
  • La mezcla turbulenta en la atmósfera inferior ha impedido históricamente la detección empírica de este fenómeno.
  • Las fuertes inversiones nocturnas crean condiciones atmosféricas estables propicias para observar efectos sutiles.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para detectar y cuantificar experimentalmente la separación gravitacional de los constituyentes atmosféricos.
  • Investigar la influencia de los factores térmicos y gravimétricos en la separación de gases en las capas cercanas a la superficie.
  • Para determinar la importancia relativa de las contribuciones térmicas frente a las gravimétricas a la separación observada.

Principales métodos:

  • Muestras de aire recolectadas de capas cercanas a la superficie durante fuertes inversiones nocturnas.
  • Utilizó mediciones precisas de la relación argón/nitrógeno (Ar/N2) en muestras de aire recolectadas.
  • Los datos analizados para identificar y cuantificar las variaciones en las proporciones de componentes atmosféricos atribuibles a la separación.

Principales resultados:

  • Se detectó con éxito la separación gravitacional de los constituyentes atmosféricos en el aire cercano a la superficie.
  • La separación observada es consistente con los efectos combinados de las fuerzas térmicas y gravimétricas.
  • Se encontró que la contribución térmica al efecto de separación era más significativa que la contribución gravimétrica.

Conclusiones:

  • La separación gravitacional de los gases atmosféricos es detectable bajo condiciones específicas, como fuertes inversiones nocturnas.
  • Los gradientes térmicos juegan un papel dominante en la conducción de la separación de gases en la atmósfera cercana a la superficie.
  • Este hallazgo valida teorías de larga data y abre nuevas vías para los estudios de la composición atmosférica.