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In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells
Published on: November 13, 2014
Edición de un ARNm de cloroplasto mediante la creación de un codón de iniciación
Nature
|September 12, 1991
Resumen
La edición del ARN mensajero (ARNm), común en las mitocondrias, también ocurre en los cloroplastos de las plantas. Los investigadores descubrieron que la edición de bases de C a U convierte un codón ACG en un codón de inicio AUG en el ARNm del cloroplasto de maíz.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología molecular vegetal Biología molecular vegetal
- La expresión génica de los cloroplastos.
- Mecanismos de edición de ARN en el ARN.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las transcripciones de ARNm primario se someten a una edición (sustituciones de bases, deleciones, inserciones) para formar ARNm funcional.
- Los ARNm mitocondriales, especialmente en las plantas, muestran una extensa edición.
- Los ARNm codificados por ADN de cloroplasto generalmente permiten una predicción inequívoca de la secuencia de aminoácidos, pero ocasionalmente aparecen codones ACG en lugar de los esperados codones de iniciación ATG.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar la ocurrencia y el mecanismo de la edición de ARN en los cloroplastos.
- Determinar si la edición de ARN es responsable de la conversión de ACG a codones de iniciación AUG en los genes de los cloroplastos.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de la transcripción de ARNm del gen rpl2 del plastoma de maíz.
- Identificación de modificaciones de bases en la secuencia de ARNm.
Principales resultados:
- Se encontraron pruebas de un evento de edición de base C-to-U.
- Esta edición convierte un codón ACG en un codón de iniciación AUG en la transcripción del ARNm rpl2.
- Demuestra la edición de ARN en los cloroplastos.
Conclusiones:
- La edición de ARN, específicamente la conversión de C a U, ocurre en los cloroplastos del maíz.
- Este mecanismo de edición corrige el codón de iniciación en el ARNm rpl2.
- La edición de ARN no es exclusiva de las mitocondrias y también juega un papel en la expresión génica de los cloroplastos.
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Transcription
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl guanosine). This 5’ cap helps the...
Transfer RNA Synthesis
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
RNA Editing
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
Transcription
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
Transfer RNA Synthesis
One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...
Each of these chemical modifications is carried by a specific enzyme, post-transcription. All of these enzymes have unique base and site-specificity. Methylation, the most common chemical modification, is carried by at least nine different enzymes, with...

