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Epistasis01:39

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration02:35

Ethers from Alkenes: Alcohol Addition and Alkoxymercuration-Demercuration

Overview
Ethers can also be prepared from alkenes through acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols and alkoxymercuration–demercuration.
Preparation of Ethers by Acid-Catalyzed Addition of Alcohol to Alkenes
The acid-catalyzed addition of alcohol to an alkene involves treating the alkene with an excess of alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst to form an ether under suitable conditions. The hydrogen will add to the less substituted carbon so that the nucleophile can attack the more substituted...
Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes02:36

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles
07:55

Chemical Isolation, Quantification, and Separation of Skin Lipids from Reptiles

Published on: February 7, 2019

Respuestas específicas de los agentes en la corteza cingulada durante los intercambios económicos.

Damon Tomlin1, M Amin Kayali, Brooks King-Casas

  • 1Human Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 20, 2006
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los investigadores estudiaron el intercambio social midiendo la actividad cerebral durante los juegos económicos. Encontraron respuestas cerebrales distintas en la corteza cingulada relacionadas con "yo" versus "no yo" durante la cooperación.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
  • Psicología social Psicología social.
  • La economía del comportamiento es la economía del comportamiento.

Sus antecedentes:

  • El intercambio social se basa en la atribución de crédito para los resultados compartidos para guiar la cooperación y prevenir la explotación.
  • Comprender la base neuronal de la asignación de crédito es crucial para comprender la toma de decisiones sociales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los mecanismos neuronales que subyacen a la asignación de crédito en un intercambio socioeconómico.
  • Identificar cómo el cerebro diferencia entre las contribuciones propias y las de la pareja durante la cooperación.

Principales métodos:

  • Realizó una tarea de intercambio económico repetida, de dos personas.
  • Utilizó mediciones hemodinámicas simultáneas (por ejemplo, fMRI) para registrar la actividad cerebral en ambos participantes.
  • Analizó las respuestas cerebrales en relación con los resultados compartidos y la presencia de un socio social.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificó respuestas neuronales específicas del agente en la corteza cingulada, distinguiendo entre contribuciones propias ("yo") y contribuciones de la pareja ("no yo").
  • Se observó un patrón espacial sistemático de estas respuestas a lo largo de la corteza cingulada.
  • Demostró que este patrón era independiente de los aspectos métricos de la bolsa y ausente sin un socio.

Conclusiones:

  • La corteza cingulada juega un papel clave en la diferenciación de uno mismo de los demás durante los intercambios socioeconómicos.
  • Los mecanismos de asignación de crédito neuronal son fundamentales para regular la cooperación en las interacciones sociales.
  • La presencia de un compañero receptivo es esencial para estos cálculos neuronales sociales específicos.