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Evidencia genética para la especiación compleja de humanos y chimpancés
Nick Patterson1, Daniel J Richter, Sante Gnerre
1Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
Nature
|May 20, 2006
Resumen
Los tiempos de divergencia genética varían en los genomas, ofreciendo información sobre la especiación. La divergencia entre humanos y chimpancés muestra una variación significativa, lo que sugiere una clasificación de linaje incompleta.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
- La genómica es la genómica.
- Especiación de los primates.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los tiempos de divergencia genética entre especies proporcionan datos cruciales sobre los procesos de especiación.
- La variación en los tiempos de divergencia a través del genoma es un indicador clave de la historia evolutiva.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Desarrollar un marco para el análisis de la variación de divergencia genética en todo el genoma.
- Investigar el momento y los mecanismos de la especiación humano-chimpancé utilizando datos genómicos.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de aproximadamente 20 millones de pares de bases de secuencias alineadas de ADN de primates (humano, chimpancé, gorila y otros).
- Desarrollo de un nuevo marco para cuantificar e interpretar la divergencia genética a través de regiones genómicas.
Principales resultados:
- La divergencia genética entre humanos y chimpancés exhibe una variación sustancial, que oscila entre el 84% y el 147% del promedio, que abarca más de 4 millones de años.
- La especiación entre humanos y chimpancés probablemente ocurrió hace menos de 6.3 millones de años, potencialmente más recientemente.
- El cromosoma X muestra una divergencia genética excepcionalmente joven, acercándose al mínimo genómico, a lo largo de la mayor parte de su longitud.
Conclusiones:
- Los patrones observados de divergencia genética apoyan un modelo de divergencia inicial seguida de flujo genético (clasificación de linaje incompleto) entre los antepasados humanos y chimpancés.
- Este hallazgo desafía algunas interpretaciones basadas en fósiles del tiempo de divergencia entre humanos y chimpancés.
- El perfil de divergencia único del cromosoma X proporciona una fuerte evidencia de dinámicas complejas de especiación.
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