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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
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Calentamiento de magma por cristalización impulsada por descompresión debajo de los volcanes de andesita.

Jon Blundy1, Kathy Cashman, Madeleine Humphreys

  • 1Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK. Jon.Blundy@bris.ac.uk

Nature
|September 8, 2006
PubMed
Resumen

El magma que asciende en los volcanes puede calentarse significativamente debido a la cristalización, liberando calor latente. Este hallazgo ayuda a explicar las texturas volcánicas y mejora la predicción de erupciones explosivas.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Las geociencias son ciencias geológicas.
  • Volcanología Volcanología.
  • Petrología Petrología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las erupciones volcánicas explosivas son impulsadas por la exsolución de vapor rico en agua del magma silícico.
  • La dinámica de la erupción es compleja, ya que implica la nucleación de burbujas, el crecimiento y la cristalización, lo que lleva a variaciones impredecibles en las propiedades del magma.
  • El seguimiento de las variaciones de temperatura del magma en las profundidades de los volcanes ha sido un desafío significativo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un método para rastrear las trayectorias de presión-temperatura-cristalinidad en el magma ascendente.
  • Para investigar las variaciones de temperatura en el magma debajo de los volcanes activos de andesita.
  • Para determinar el papel de la liberación de calor latente de la cristalización en el calentamiento del magma.

Principales métodos:

  • Utilizando inclusiones vidriosas de fusión atrapadas en cristales de plagioclase.
  • Medición del H2O disuelto en las inclusiones fundidas para limitar la presión del agua.
  • El análisis de las concentraciones incompatibles de oligoelementos para calcular la cristalinidad del magma.
  • Utilizando plagioclase-fusión y ilmenita-magnetita geotermometría para determinar la temperatura.

Principales resultados:

  • Desarrolló un nuevo método para rastrear la evolución de la presión, la temperatura y la cristalinidad del magma.
  • El magma ascendente debajo de dos volcanes de andesita mostró aumentos de temperatura de hasta 100°C.
  • El calentamiento observado se atribuye a la liberación de calor latente durante la cristalización.

Conclusiones:

  • El ascenso de magma puede implicar un calentamiento significativo debido a la liberación de calor latente de la cristalización.
  • Este mecanismo de calentamiento puede explicar las características textuales comunes en los magmas andesíticos.
  • Los hallazgos proporcionan información crucial para modelar y predecir erupciones volcánicas explosivas.