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Ingesta de pescado, contaminantes y salud humana: evaluando los riesgos y los beneficios
Dariush Mozaffarian1, Eric B Rimm
1Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass 02115, USA. dmozaffa@hsph.harvard.edu
JAMA
|October 19, 2006
Resumen
Comer pescado ofrece importantes beneficios para la salud, reduciendo el riesgo de enfermedades cardíacas y mortalidad. Las mujeres embarazadas deben consumir pescado con moderación, equilibrando los beneficios con los posibles contaminantes como el mercurio.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias de la Nutrición Ciencias de la Nutrición
- Salud Ambiental Salud del medio ambiente.
Sus antecedentes:
- El consumo de pescado presenta un dilema debido a los posibles beneficios para la salud y los riesgos de contaminación.
- La información contradictoria causa confusión con respecto al papel del pescado en una dieta saludable.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar los efectos cardiovasculares y del desarrollo neurológico del consumo de pescado y los contaminantes.
- Evaluar los riesgos asociados con el metilmercurio, las dioxinas y los PCB en los peces.
Principales métodos:
- Búsqueda exhaustiva de literatura que incluye MEDLINE, informes gubernamentales y metanálisis.
- Centrado en estudios en humanos, dando prioridad a los ensayos aleatorizados y grandes estudios prospectivos.
- Realizó metanálisis para caracterizar con precisión los beneficios y los riesgos.
Principales resultados:
- La ingesta modesta de pescado (1-2 porciones / semana) reduce la muerte coronaria (36%) y la mortalidad total (17%).
- La ingesta adecuada de ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) es de 250 mg/día.
- El metilmercurio puede afectar el desarrollo neurológico y reducir ligeramente los beneficios cardiovasculares; las dioxinas/PCBs presentan un riesgo mínimo.
Conclusiones:
- Para los adultos, los beneficios para la salud del consumo de pescado superan los riesgos potenciales.
- Para las mujeres en edad fértil, la ingesta moderada de pescado ofrece beneficios que superan los riesgos, con precaución para especies específicas.
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