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Los trabajadores de la salud y la cobertura de vacunación en los países en desarrollo: un análisis econométrico.
Sudhir Anand1, Till Bärnighausen2
1University of Oxford, Department of Economics, Oxford, UK; Harvard University, Global Equity Initiative, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Lancet (London, England)
|April 17, 2007
Resumen
Una mayor densidad de enfermeras mejora significativamente la cobertura de vacunación infantil en los países en desarrollo, lo que demuestra que los trabajadores de la salud son cruciales para el acceso a la vacuna. El ingreso nacional no afectó las tasas de inmunización.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Global La salud global.
- Epidemiología La epidemiología.
- Servicios de salud Servicios de salud Investigación Investigación.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación causan más de 1 millón de muertes infantiles anuales en los países en desarrollo.
- Los recursos humanos para la salud son críticos para la vacunación, pero su impacto a nivel de la población es poco estudiado.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la asociación entre la densidad de trabajadores de la salud y la cobertura de vacunación infantil en los países en desarrollo.
Principales métodos:
- Se realizaron análisis de regresión múltiple entre países.
- Las variables dependientes incluyeron la cobertura de la vacuna que contiene sarampión (MCV), difteria-tetano-pertussis (DTP3) y poliomielitis (polio3).
- Las variables independientes fueron la densidad agregada de trabajadores de la salud y, por separado, las densidades de médicos y enfermeras, controlando los ingresos, la alfabetización y la superficie terrestre.
Principales resultados:
- La densidad agregada de trabajadores de la salud se correlacionó positivamente con la cobertura de las tres vacunas.
- La densidad de enfermeras mostró una asociación positiva significativa con la cobertura de MCV, DTP3 y polio3.
- La densidad de médicos no se asoció de manera significativa con ninguna de las coberturas de vacunación; una mayor alfabetización femenina adulta y un área de tierra más pequeña también se asociaron con una mayor cobertura.
Conclusiones:
- El aumento de la densidad de enfermeras mejora la disponibilidad del servicio de vacunación, mejorando las tasas de inmunización infantil.
- El ingreso nacional no es un factor determinante de la cobertura de inmunización.
- La disponibilidad de trabajadores de la salud, especialmente enfermeras, es un factor clave que influye en la cobertura de vacunación en los países en desarrollo.
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