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A través de la libertad a la coerción: el surgimiento de un castigo costoso
Christoph Hauert1, Arne Traulsen, Hannelore Brandt
1Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Mathematics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|June 30, 2007
Resumen
La libertad de optar por no participar en actividades grupales promueve paradójicamente la cooperación. Permitir que las personas se abstengan permite el establecimiento de normas sociales y el castigo de los desertores, fomentando la cooperación en empresas conjuntas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Ciencias Sociales Ciencias Sociales.
- La economía del comportamiento es la economía del comportamiento.
- Teoría de juegos Teoría de juegos.
Sus antecedentes:
- El comportamiento cooperativo en las sociedades humanas a menudo es mantenido por instituciones que sancionan a los desertores.
- Los experimentos muestran que los individuos castigarán a los desertores en los juegos de bienes públicos, incluso a costa personal.
- Los modelos teóricos confirman la estabilidad de las normas sociales que castigan el comportamiento no cooperativo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar cómo surge y se establece un comportamiento de castigo costoso dentro de una población.
- Explorar el papel de la abstención como mecanismo para la evolución de la cooperación.
- Analizar el impacto de la participación voluntaria frente a la obligatoria en la cooperación y el cumplimiento de normas.
Principales métodos:
- Se desarrolló un modelo teórico para simular el surgimiento del comportamiento cooperativo.
- El modelo incorporaba la opción de que los individuos se mantuvieran al margen y se abstuvieran de realizar esfuerzos conjuntos.
- El análisis se centró en las condiciones bajo las cuales se establecen las normas sociales que prescriben el castigo.
Principales resultados:
- La opción de abstenerse de empresas conjuntas facilita el surgimiento de un comportamiento cooperativo.
- La libertad para retirarse conduce paradójicamente a la aplicación de las normas sociales.
- Es menos probable que la participación obligatoria en empresas conjuntas fomente la cooperación en comparación con las voluntarias.
Conclusiones:
- Permitir que los individuos se abstengan de empresas conjuntas es un factor clave en el establecimiento de normas cooperativas.
- La participación voluntaria, con la opción de optar por no participar, promueve la evolución del castigo costoso y la cooperación.
- Las instituciones que hacen cumplir la cooperación pueden ser más efectivas cuando permiten la retirada individual.
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