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Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Gene Conversion

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Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Genome Editing and Directed Differentiation of hPSCs for Interrogating Lineage Determinants in Human Pancreatic Development
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Evolución morfológica a través de múltiples mutaciones cis-regulatorias en un solo gen.

Alistair P McGregor1, Virginie Orgogozo, Isabelle Delon

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.

Nature
|July 17, 2007
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La biología evolutiva explora las diferencias de las especies. Este estudio revela que los pequeños cambios genéticos acumulados en un solo gen, shavenbaby (svb), impulsan una evolución morfológica significativa en Drosophila.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
  • Genética del desarrollo genética del desarrollo.
  • La genómica es la genómica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Comprender la base genética de las diferencias de las especies es una pregunta clave de la biología evolutiva.
  • El punto de vista neodarwinista sugiere pequeños cambios genéticos acumulativos, mientras que las teorías alternativas proponen mutaciones de gran efecto en los genes del desarrollo.
  • Se han identificado pocos genes específicos que causan divergencias morfológicas entre especies.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los fundamentos genéticos de una diferencia de patrón de tricomas entre las especies de Drosophila.
  • Determinar si los cambios cis-reguladores en el gen shavenbaby (svb) son responsables de la divergencia morfológica observada.
  • Pruebe la hipótesis de que múltiples mutaciones de pequeño efecto en un solo locus contribuyen a los fenotipos específicos de la especie.

Principales métodos:

  • Identificó y caracterizó tres potenciadores del gen svb en Drosophila melanogaster.
  • Comparó la actividad de potenciadores homólogos de Drosophila sechellia para evaluar los cambios en la regulación génica.
  • Se realizó un mapeo genético interespecífico de alta resolución para identificar las regiones genéticas causantes.
  • Se realizó un análisis funcional utilizando recombinantes intragénicos para validar el papel de los potenciadores identificados.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificaron tres potenciadores distintos de svb en D. melanogaster, recapitulando patrones de expresión endógenos.
  • Los potenciadores homólogos de D. sechellia mostraron patrones de expresión modificados consistentes con el fenotipo evolucionado.
  • El mapeo genético reveló que las regiones independientes aguas arriba de svb, superponiendo estos potenciadores, son colectivamente necesarias para el patrón de tricomas de D. sechellia.
  • El estudio demuestra que múltiples cambios cis-reguladores en el locus svb contribuyen a la diferencia morfológica.

Conclusiones:

  • La evolución del patrón de tricomas de D. sechellia está impulsada por la acumulación de múltiples mutaciones de pequeño efecto dentro del locus del gen svb.
  • Este hallazgo apoya la idea de que las diferencias morfológicas significativas entre especies pueden surgir del efecto acumulativo de numerosas alteraciones genéticas menores en genes específicos.
  • El estudio proporciona un ejemplo concreto de cambios microevolutivos en un solo gen que conducen a diferencias macroevolutivas.