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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the various colors of visible light has specific frequencies and wavelengths associated with them, and you can see that visible light makes up only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Because the technologies developed to work in various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are different, for reasons of convenience and historical...

Radiation: Applications

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Electric Field at the Surface of a Conductor

Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The net electric field inside a conductor vanishes, and extra charges on the conductor reside on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate.
In the 19th century, Michael Faraday conducted the famous ice pail experiment to prove that the charges always reside on the surface of a conductor. The experimental set-up consists of a conducting uncharged container mounted on an insulating stand. The outer surface of the container is...

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun's warmth. At other times, it is subtle, such as the unfelt energy of gamma rays, which can destroy living cells. Electromagnetic waves bring energy into a system through their electric and magnetic fields. These fields can exert forces and move charges in the system and, thus, do work on them. However, there is energy in an electromagnetic wave,...

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

Radiation Pressure: Problem Solving

The radiation pressure applied by an electromagnetic wave on a perfectly absorbing surface equals the energy density of the wave. The wave's momentum also gets transferred to the surface when an electromagnetic wave is entirely absorbed by it. The rate at which momentum is transmitted to an absorbing surface perpendicular to the propagation direction equals the force on the surface.
The average value of the rate of momentum transfer divided by the absorbing area represents the average force per...

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Venus: emisividad de radio de la superficie global.

P G Ford, G H Pettengill

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|June 24, 1983

Resumen

Los datos del mapeador de radar Pioneer Venus revelan variaciones en la emisividad de la superficie de Venus vinculadas a la conductividad eléctrica. La baja emisividad en las regiones montañosas sugiere inclusiones de material conductor en la roca superficial.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias planetarias Ciencias planetarias.
La geofísica es la geofísica.
La radioastronomía es una radioastronomía.

Sus antecedentes:

Las propiedades de la superficie de Venus son cruciales para comprender su historia geológica.
El mapeo por radar proporciona información sobre la composición y la estructura de la superficie.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para analizar las variaciones de emisión de radio térmica en la superficie de Venus.
Para correlacionar la emisividad con la reflectividad del radar e inferir la composición de la superficie.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó los datos del mapeador de radar Pioneer Venus.
Emisión de radio térmica observada a una longitud de onda de 17 centímetros.
Analizó las variaciones de emisividad a través del terreno venusiano.

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Principales resultados:

Las variaciones de la emisividad superficial fueron el principal impulsor de los cambios observados en la emisión de radio.
La emisividad más baja (0.54 +/- 0.05) se encuentra en las tierras altas de Aphrodite Terra y Theia Mons.
Estas regiones de baja emisividad se correlacionan con la alta reflectividad de radar previamente reportada.

Conclusiones:

Las inclusiones de material altamente conductor eléctrico se infieren en la roca superficial de las tierras altas de Venus.
Las variaciones de emisividad proporcionan un nuevo método para sondear las propiedades del subsuelo.