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Insulation Coordination

Insulation coordination is the process of matching electric equipment's insulation strength with protective device characteristics to protect the equipment against expected overvoltages. This selection is based on engineering judgment and cost. Equipment can generally withstand short-duration high transient overvoltages, but repeated tests with identical waveforms can yield inconsistent results. As a result, standard impulse voltage waveforms are used for testing, defined by specific times for...
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Masonry curtain walls employ brick or stone veneers supported by the building's structure to form an external cladding system that is both aesthetically appealing and functional. These walls are erected through two principal techniques, first by traditional layering of masonry units and second by using prefabricated panels. Traditional construction relies on steel shelf angles attached to the spandrel beam for support, with high-bond mortars ensuring secure attachment of masonry veneer units.
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In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Published on: November 21, 2015

El proyecto de la plataforma de hielo de Ross.

J W Clough, B L Hansen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |February 2, 1979
    PubMed
    Resumen
    Este resumen es generado por máquina.

    La exploración científica debajo de la plataforma de hielo de Ross reveló escasa vida, incluidos crustáceos y peces, en una región con circulación oceánica activa y derretimiento del hielo basal. El lecho marino está compuesto de antiguo lodo glaciomarino con flujo térmico geotérmico promedio.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Biología Marina Biología Marina.
    • Oceanografía La oceanografía es la oceanografía.
    • Geología Geología Geología.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • La plataforma de hielo de Ross es un componente crítico de la capa de hielo de la Antártida.
    • Comprender los entornos de las plataformas subglaciales es crucial para predecir la dinámica del hielo y el aumento del nivel del mar.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Investigar las características biológicas y geológicas del entorno de la plataforma subglacial.
    • Para evaluar las condiciones oceanográficas y el flujo de calor geotérmico debajo de la plataforma de hielo de Ross.

    Principales métodos:

    • Perforación de un pozo de perforación a través de la plataforma de hielo de Ross.
    • Realización de muestreo científico para análisis biológicos y geológicos.
    • Recopilar datos oceanográficos y medir el flujo de calor geotérmico.

    Principales resultados:

    • Se descubrió una escasa población de crustáceos, peces y biomasa microbiana.
    • El lecho marino comprende el lodo glaciomarino del Mioceno medio.
    • Se registró el flujo de calor geotérmico promedio.
    • Los datos oceanográficos revelaron una circulación activa y el derretimiento en la base del hielo.

    Conclusiones:

    • El ecosistema de la plataforma subglacial está escasamente poblado pero está presente.
    • Se están produciendo procesos oceanográficos activos, incluido el derretimiento basal.
    • Se caracterizan las condiciones geológicas y geotérmicas.