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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...
Nuclear Fission02:50

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large number of different...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
Nuclear Fuels
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Published on: December 14, 2017

Energía nuclear mejorada y más segura.

J J Taylor

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 21, 1989
    PubMed
    Resumen
    Este resumen es generado por máquina.

    La energía nuclear avanzada en los EE.UU. presenta reactores más pequeños y simples con sistemas de seguridad pasiva. Estos diseños mejoran la estabilidad, reducen el riesgo de accidentes y prometen una generación de energía competitiva en costos.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Ingeniería Nuclear Ingeniería Nuclear.
    • Sistemas Energéticos Sistemas Energéticos.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • La generación actual de energía nuclear se enfrenta a desafíos de complejidad y costo.
    • Hay una necesidad de diseños avanzados de reactores con mayor seguridad y economía.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Para resaltar los avances recientes en el desarrollo de la energía nuclear de EE.UU..
    • Discutir el potencial de sistemas de reactores más pequeños, más simples y pasivamente seguros.

    Principales métodos:

    • Centrarse en las características de seguridad intrínsecas para la estabilidad y refrigeración.
    • Aplicación de conceptos de diseño modular y estandarización del diseño.

    Principales resultados:

    • Los diseños emergentes son más simples, más robustos y tienen una vida útil más larga.
    • Las características de seguridad pasiva reducen significativamente la posibilidad de accidentes graves.
    • Los diseños modulares y estandarizados reducen el tiempo de construcción y los costos de ingeniería.

    Conclusiones:

    • Los sistemas avanzados de reactores nucleares ofrecen mayor seguridad y eficiencia operativa.
    • Se espera que estos nuevos diseños sean costos competitivos con fuentes de energía alternativas.