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From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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Identifying Mutations by High Resolution Melting in a TILLING Population of Rice
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Una sola unidad genética especifica dos funciones de transposición en el activador del elemento maíz.

H Dooner, J English, E Ralston

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |October 10, 1986
    PubMed
    Resumen

    El activador de maíz (Ac) elemento transponible induce e inhibe su propia transposición a través de dos funciones genéticas. Ambas funciones se originan en una sola unidad genética, requiriendo Open Reading Frames 1 y 2 para su plena actividad.

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    Published on: February 14, 2020

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Genética La genética.
    • Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
    • Ciencias de las plantas Ciencias de las plantas.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • El activador (Ac) y la disociación (Ds) son secuencias genéticas móviles.
    • Ac exhibe una doble función: inducir la transposición de Ds e inhibir la transposición con el aumento de la dosis.
    • Estudios anteriores identificaron tres marcos de lectura abiertos (ORF) dentro del elemento Ac.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Investigar la base genética de las funciones duales de Ac (inducción de transposición e inhibición dependiente de la dosis).
    • Determinar las funciones de los ORFs específicos dentro del elemento Ac en la mediación de estas funciones.
    • Comprender la complementariedad genética entre los diferentes elementos Ds.

    Principales métodos:

    • Análisis de los derivados de los elementos Ac y Ds (wx-m9 ((Ds) y bz-m2 ((DI)) con deleciones específicas.
    • Pruebas de complementación genética para evaluar la restauración de la transposición.
    • Caracterización de las ubicaciones de eliminación dentro de las ORF de Ac.

    Principales resultados:

    • Una supresión en ORF 1 de wx-m9(Ds) abolió la transposición.
    • Una supresión principalmente en ORF 2 de bz-m2 (DI) también dio lugar a un elemento Ds defectuoso.
    • wx-m9 ((Ds) y bz-m2 ((DI) no se complementaron genéticamente para restaurar la función de transposición de Ac.
    • bz-m2(DI) no contribuyó al efecto de la dosis inhibidora de Ac.

    Conclusiones:

    • Tanto el ORF 1 como el ORF 2 son requeridos conjuntamente para la función de inducción de la transposición de Ac.
    • La inducción e inhibición de la transposición por Ac provienen de la misma unidad funcional genética.
    • El estudio aclara la base molecular de la regulación del elemento transponible Ac.