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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis01:46

Oxidative Cleavage of Alkenes: Ozonolysis

In ozonolysis, ozone is used to cleave a carbon–carbon double bond to form aldehydes and ketones, or carboxylic acids, depending on the work-up.
Ozone is a symmetrical bent molecule stabilized by a resonance structure.
Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens01:24

ortho–para-Directing Deactivators: Halogens

Halogens are ortho–para directors. They are more electronegative than carbon. Therefore, as ring substituents, they can withdraw electrons through the inductive effect and deactivate the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution. Halogens also have an electron-donating resonance effect on the ring, which influences the orientation of the incoming electrophile. If an electrophile attacks at the ortho or the para position, the halogen donates electrons and stabilizes the intermediate...
Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides01:18

Carboxylic Acids to Acid Chlorides

Carboxylic acids react with SOCl2 or PCl5 to form acid chlorides. Amongst the carboxylic acid derivatives, acid chlorides are the most reactive and synthetically important derivatives. They are useful reagents for Friedel–Crafts acylation of some aromatic compounds.

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia
12:05

Preparation of Hydrophobic Metal-Organic Frameworks via Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Perfluoroalkanes for the Removal of Ammonia

Published on: October 10, 2013

¿Los hidrofluorocarbonos destruyen el ozono estratosférico?

A R Ravishankara, A A Turnipseed, N R Jensen

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 7, 1994
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Los hidrofluorocarbonos que contienen grupos CF ((3) son alternativas amigables con el ozono. Los estudios muestran que el CF(3) radical

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Química de la atmósfera La química de la atmósfera
    • Ciencias Ambientales Ciencias del Medio Ambiente.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Los hidrofluorocarbonos (HFC) son sustitutos de los clorofluorocarbonos y halones que agotan la capa de ozono.
    • El grupo CF ((3) es común en los HFC, lo que requiere una evaluación de su potencial de agotamiento de la capa de ozono.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Evaluar el impacto del radical CF3 en el agotamiento de la capa de ozono estratosférica.
    • Para cuantificar los potenciales de agotamiento de la capa de ozono asociados con el grupo CF ((3) en los HFC.

    Principales métodos:

    • Coeficientes de velocidad medidos para las reacciones clave que involucran el radical CF.
    • Modelado atmosférico utilizado para calcular el agotamiento potencial de la capa de ozono.

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    Principales resultados:

    • Se determinó la eficiencia del radical CF(3) como catalizador de la pérdida de ozono.
    • Potenciales calculados de agotamiento del ozono basados en datos experimentales y modelados.

    Conclusiones:

    • Los potenciales de agotamiento de la capa de ozono asociados con el grupo CF ((3) en los hidrofluorocarbonos son insignificantes.
    • Es poco probable que los HFC que contienen grupos CF(3) causen un agotamiento significativo del ozono estratosférico.