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Transmisión cultural del reconocimiento del enemigo: una de las funciones del mobbing
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|November 24, 1978
Resumen
Las aves aprenden a agrupar a los depredadores a través de la observación social. Esta transmisión cultural permite que el reconocimiento del enemigo se extienda a través de las poblaciones, mejorando la supervivencia contra las amenazas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Etología Etología Etología.
- Comportamiento animal Comportamiento animal.
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
Sus antecedentes:
- El comportamiento de acoso en animales es una estrategia generalizada contra los depredadores.
- Existen múltiples hipótesis para la función evolutiva del mobbing.
- Comprender los mecanismos de reconocimiento de los depredadores es crucial para la supervivencia.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para probar la "hipótesis de transmisión cultural" para el comportamiento de acoso en pájaros negros europeos.
- Investigar si el reconocimiento de depredadores puede aprenderse socialmente.
- Para determinar hasta qué punto este comportamiento aprendido puede propagarse dentro de una población.
Principales métodos:
- Experimentos realizados con pájaros negros europeos en cautiverio.
- Exposición de los sujetos a un homotípico de acoso y a un pájaro nuevo e inofensivo.
- Presentación posterior de la nueva ave sola para evaluar la respuesta aprendida al acoso escolar.
- Comparación del acondicionamiento con una nueva ave frente a un objeto de control artificial.
Principales resultados:
- Los pájaros negros expuestos al acoso de sus congéneres aprendieron a acosar a un pájaro nuevo e inofensivo.
- La respuesta de acoso aprendida persistió incluso cuando el conspecífico estaba ausente.
- El nuevo pájaro era un estímulo condicionado más efectivo que un objeto artificial.
- El reconocimiento del enemigo se transmitía a través de una cadena social de al menos seis individuos.
Conclusiones:
- El estudio proporciona un fuerte apoyo a la hipótesis de transmisión cultural del acoso.
- El reconocimiento de depredadores y el comportamiento de acoso pueden ser efectivamente aprendidos y transmitidos socialmente.
- Este mecanismo permite la rápida difusión de información crucial contra los depredadores dentro de las poblaciones.
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