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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
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The earth's gravitational field produces a 'twisting force' perpendicular to the angular momentum of a spinning mass (such as a spinning top) that causes the mass to 'wobble' around the gravitational field axis in a phenomenon called precession. Similarly, the magnetic moment (μ) of a spinning nucleus precesses due to an external magnetic field directed along the z-axis. The precession of the magnetic moment vector about the magnetic field is called Larmor precession,...
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Las estaciones, la temperatura global y la precesión.

D J Thomson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 7, 1995
    PubMed
    Resumen

    El ciclo de temperatura estacional dominante se alinea con el año anómalo, no con el año tropical, lo que indica que el perihelio controla el tiempo. Los cambios de fase recientes sugieren que la concentración atmosférica de CO2 es un factor clave del cambio climático moderno.

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Climatología y climatología.
    • Paleoclimatología Paleoclimatología
    • Análisis Estadístico Análisis Estadístico

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Se analizaron los registros de temperatura instrumentales desde 1659.
    • Suposición establecida: las estaciones son cronometradas por los equinoccios (año tropical).
    • Los análisis climáticos anteriores pueden estar sesgados por esta suposición.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Investigar la verdadera frecuencia dominante del ciclo de temperatura estacional.
    • Determinar el conductor principal de la sincronización del ciclo anual de temperatura.
    • Evaluar la influencia de la variabilidad solar y el CO2 sobre los cambios de temperatura.

    Principales métodos:

    • Análisis de registros de temperatura instrumentales desde 1659 en adelante.

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  • Análisis de frecuencia para identificar los ciclos estacionales dominantes.
  • Análisis de coherencia entre la amplitud de temperatura, la fase y los datos solares / CO2 .

    • Principales resultados:

    • La frecuencia estacional dominante es un ciclo por año anómalo (basado en el perihelio), no el año tropical (basado en el equinoccio).
    • El perihelio controla el tiempo del ciclo anual de temperatura.
    • Los cambios de coherencia indican que la variabilidad solar es insuficiente para explicar el calentamiento reciente; el CO2 está implicado.

    Conclusiones:

    • El tiempo de las estaciones de la Tierra y los ciclos de temperatura se rigen principalmente por el perihelio.
    • La suposición de la sincronización basada en el equinoccio ha sesgado el análisis histórico de datos climáticos.
    • El aumento de la concentración atmosférica de CO2 es un factor significativo en los recientes cambios de fase climática sin precedentes.