Video Experimental Relacionado
Updated: Jul 12, 2026

10:28
Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
Published on: May 27, 2018
El efecto del H2O en la discontinuidad sísmica de 410 kilómetros
Resumen
El contenido de agua en el manto superior influye significativamente en la discontinuidad sísmica de 410 kilómetros. El agua disuelta en el olivino afecta la transformación de fase del olivino, impactando la propagación de las ondas sísmicas y la estructura del manto.
Área de la Ciencia:
- La geofísica es la geofísica.
- Física mineral Física de los minerales
- Sismología Sismología Sismología.
Sus antecedentes:
- La discontinuidad sísmica de 410 kilómetros marca un cambio significativo en el manto superior de la Tierra.
- Esta discontinuidad se atribuye principalmente a la transformación de fase de la olivina (alfa-Mg,Fe) 2SiO4) en beta-Mg,Fe 2SiO4.
- Investigaciones recientes indican que el agua (H2O) puede disolverse en minerales del manto como el olivino.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar la influencia del agua en la transformación de la fase olivina.
- Para entender cómo la partición de H2O afecta a la discontinuidad sísmica a 410 km de profundidad.
- Para restringir el contenido máximo de agua en el manto superior olivino.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de datos experimentales sobre la solubilidad de H2O en olivina y fase beta.
- Modelado del efecto del H2O en los límites de transición de fase olivina.
- Interpretando datos sísmicos para inferir las propiedades de la discontinuidad de 410 kilómetros.
Principales resultados:
- El agua altera significativamente las condiciones de presión-temperatura de la transformación de la fase alfa a la fase beta de la olivina.
- El coeficiente de partición de H2O entre la olivina y el beta- ((Mg,Fe) 2SiO4) es aproximadamente 1:10.
- La anchura observada de la discontinuidad sísmica limita el contenido de H2O en el manto superior.
Conclusiones:
- El agua disuelta en el olivino juega un papel crucial en la configuración de la discontinuidad sísmica de 410 kilómetros.
- Las características de la discontinuidad sísmica proporcionan una restricción en el estado de hidratación del manto superior.
- El olivino del manto superior probablemente contiene un máximo de ~200 ppm en peso de H2O.
Videos de Conceptos Relacionados
Effect of Sea Water on Concrete
Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks, which undergo...
Concrete in areas between tide marks, which undergo...
Hess's Law
There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
Shock Waves
While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of undissociated water is almost constant, so the ionic product of water is the product of the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations, denoted as Kw. The square root of Kw gives the individual ion concentrations.
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le Chatelier's...
The ionic product of water varies with temperature, and its value is 1.0 x 10−14 at standard experimental conditions. Per Le Chatelier's...
Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid
As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave propagating...
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave propagating...
Leveling Effect
In acid-base chemistry, the leveling effect refers to the limitation imposed by the solvent on the strength of acids and bases in solution. When a base stronger than the solvent's conjugate base is used, it deprotonates the solvent until the base is entirely consumed, making it ineffective against weaker acids. Conversely, an acid stronger than the solvent's conjugate acid protonates the solvent until the acid is depleted, rendering it ineffective against weaker bases. Essentially, the solvent...
