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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Updated: Jul 7, 2026

Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
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Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

Published on: May 29, 2018

Materia óptica: cristalización y unión en campos ópticos intensos.

M M Burns, J M Fournier, J A Golovchenko

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 17, 1990
    PubMed
    Resumen
    Este resumen es generado por máquina.

    Los científicos pueden crear estructuras ordenadas llamadas materia óptica utilizando campos electromagnéticos y objetos dieléctricos microscópicos. Estas estructuras se forman a través del transporte directo de materia o de interacciones inducidas, y requieren tanto luz como materia polarizable.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Física, óptica y ciencia de los materiales.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Los campos electromagnéticos pueden interactuar con la materia.
    • Los objetos dieléctricos microscópicos poseen propiedades polarizables.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Explorar la creación de estructuras ordenadas utilizando campos electromagnéticos y objetos dieléctricos.
    • Definir y caracterizar estas estructuras de materia ligera como "materia óptica".

    Principales métodos:

    • Aplicación de campos electromagnéticos controlados con precisión (ondas estacionarias) a objetos dieléctricos microscópicos.
    • Observación de estructuras formadas por el transporte directo de materia dieléctrica en campos ópticos.
    • Analizar estructuras formadas por interacciones inducidas por la luz entre objetos dieléctricos.

    Principales resultados:

    • Demostró la formación de estructuras cristalinas y no cristalinas extendidas.
    • Identificó dos mecanismos distintos para la organización de la estructura: el transporte directo y las interacciones inducidas.
    • Se confirmó que la existencia de estas estructuras ordenadas, denominadas materia óptica, depende de la presencia tanto de la luz como de la materia polarizable.

    Conclusiones:

    • La materia óptica representa una nueva clase de estructuras ordenadas formadas por la interacción de la luz y la materia.
    • La manipulación controlada de los campos electromagnéticos ofrece una vía para diseñar nuevos materiales con propiedades a medida.