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Social Facilitation

Not all intergroup interactions lead to negative outcomes. Sometimes, being in a group situation can improve performance. Social facilitation occurs when an individual performs better when an audience is watching than when the individual performs the behavior alone. This typically occurs when people are performing a task for which they are skilled.
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
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Cold Weather Concreting

When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
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Concrete structures in cold climates, such as those along roadsides, can retain moisture. This moisture makes them susceptible to frost-related damage when temperatures fall below freezing. Adding moisture worsens the damage during temperature fluctuations, leading to repeated freezing and thawing. De-icing salts, spread over these structures to melt ice, add to the freeze-thaw cycle, and draw even more moisture into the concrete.
This freeze-thaw cycle primarily causes surface scaling, where...
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Frost Resistant Concrete

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen
06:42

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Published on: April 6, 2017

La supresión del granizo y la sociedad.

S A Changnon, B C Farhar, E R Swanson

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 28, 1978
    PubMed
    Resumen
    Este resumen es generado por máquina.

    La tecnología de supresión de granizo es científicamente incierta ahora, pero podría beneficiar a la agricultura y a los consumidores en el futuro. Un importante financiamiento federal de investigación a largo plazo y marcos regulatorios son esenciales para su desarrollo y uso responsable.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Ciencias de la atmósfera ciencia atmosférica.
    • Ciencias agrícolas Ciencias agrícolas.
    • Ciencias sociales Ciencias sociales.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • La tecnología de supresión de granizo se ha explorado durante décadas.
    • La comprensión científica actual de la efectividad de la supresión del granizo sigue siendo incierta.
    • Los posibles beneficios económicos y sociales merecen una mayor investigación.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Evaluar la viabilidad histórica, actual y futura de la supresión del granizo.
    • Identificar los requisitos para desarrollar e implementar tecnología de supresión de granizo.
    • Explorar las implicaciones regulatorias y sociales de la supresión del granizo.

    Principales métodos:

    • Revisión interdisciplinaria de la investigación pasada, presente y futura de supresión de granizo.
    • Análisis de los posibles impactos agrícolas y económicos.
    • Examen de las consideraciones políticas, regulatorias y sociales.

    Principales resultados:

    • La supresión del granizo es actualmente científicamente incierta.
    • Una tecnología fiable de supresión de granizo podría ofrecer beneficios significativos para la agricultura y los consumidores de las Grandes Llanuras.
    • El desarrollo futuro requiere una inversión federal sustancial a largo plazo en investigación atmosférica y social.

    Conclusiones:

    • La supresión de granizo presenta una tecnología futura potencialmente beneficiosa.
    • Es necesario un compromiso federal significativo para el avance tecnológico.
    • Las reglamentaciones gubernamentales sólidas, los procedimientos de evaluación y los mecanismos de compensación son cruciales para la implementación futura.