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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures
10:56

Confocal Imaging of Confined Quiescent and Flowing Colloid-polymer Mixtures

Published on: May 20, 2014

Las transiciones de fase inducidas por el confinamiento en líquidos simples.

J Klein, E Kumacheva

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |August 11, 1995
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Los líquidos confinados pasan abruptamente de estados líquidos a sólidos cuando la separación superficial disminuye a unas pocas capas moleculares. Esta transición causa un aumento reversible en la rigidez de la película en más de siete órdenes de magnitud.

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Física y química de los materiales.
    • Ciencias de la superficie Ciencias de la superficie.
    • Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Comprender las transiciones de fase en sistemas confinados es crucial para la ciencia de los materiales.
    • Las interacciones superficiales influyen significativamente en el comportamiento del líquido a nanoescala.
    • Estudios anteriores han explorado los efectos del confinamiento, pero las transiciones abruptas requieren más investigación.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Para investigar la transición de líquido a sólido de un modelo de líquido bajo confinamiento.
    • Para determinar la separación de la superficie crítica para esta transición.
    • Para cuantificar el cambio en la rigidez de la película durante la transición.

    Principales métodos:

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    • Simulando un líquido modelo simple confinado entre dos superficies paralelas.
    • Variando la separación superficial desde grandes distancias hasta las dimensiones moleculares.
    • Medición de la viscosidad de corte y cálculo de la viscosidad efectiva para evaluar la rigidez de la película.

    Principales resultados:

    • Las películas confinadas exhibieron una viscosidad de cizallamiento similar a la de un líquido para separaciones de hasta siete capas moleculares.
    • La disminución de la separación de una sola capa molecular desencadenó una transición abrupta y reversible de líquido a sólido.
    • La rigidez, medida por la viscosidad efectiva, aumentó por lo menos siete órdenes de magnitud en la transición.

    Conclusiones:

    • La separación superficial es un parámetro crítico que controla las transiciones de líquido a sólido en sistemas confinados.
    • El confinamiento puede inducir cambios dramáticos y reversibles en las propiedades de los materiales a escala molecular.
    • Este estudio proporciona información sobre la física fundamental de las transiciones de fase en las interfaces.