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Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.

Doppler Effect - II

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The Doppler effect has several practical, real-world applications. For instance, meteorologists use Doppler radars to interpret weather events based on the Doppler effect. Typically, a transmitter emits radio waves at a specific frequency toward the sky from a weather station. The radio waves bounce off the clouds and precipitation and travel back to the weather station. The radio frequency of the waves reflected back to the station appears to decrease if the clouds or precipitation are moving...

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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...

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The Doppler effect and Doppler shift were named after the Austrian physicist and mathematician Christian Johann Doppler in 1842, who conducted experiments with both moving sources and moving observers. Consider an observer standing on a street corner, observing an ambulance with a siren sound passing by at a constant speed. The observer experiences two characteristic changes in the sound of the siren. Initially, the sound increases in loudness as the ambulance approaches and decreases in...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU)

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Published on: November 3, 2015

Avances en la helioseismología.

K G Libbrecht, M F Woodard

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|July 12, 1991

Resumen

Los modos de oscilación solar globalmente coherentes ofrecen una forma única de estudiar el interior del Sol. Estas oscilaciones medidas con precisión revelan nuevos conocimientos sobre la estructura y la dinámica solar.

Área de la Ciencia:

* Física del Sol Física del Sol * Física del Sol * Física del Sol * Física del Sol * Física del Sol
* Helioseismología

Sus antecedentes:

* Los modos de oscilación globalmente coherentes en el sol fueron descubiertos hace aproximadamente diez años.
* Estos modos sirven como una herramienta sísmica única para sondear el interior solar.
* Investigaciones anteriores establecieron la existencia y el potencial de estas oscilaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

* Discutir las propiedades de los modos de oscilación solar globalmente coherentes.
* Explicar cómo estos modos mejoran la comprensión de la estructura interna y la dinámica del sol.
* Para resaltar los avances en las capacidades de observación de las oscilaciones solares.

Principales métodos:

* Análisis de datos de observación que detectan oscilaciones coherentes de fase.

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* Medición de las amplitudes de velocidad superficial hasta 2 milímetros por segundo.

* Determinación precisa de miles de frecuencias de modo con una precisión de 1 parte en 10^5.5.

Principales resultados:

* Las observaciones confirman la coherencia de fase de las oscilaciones solares durante hasta 1 año.
* Detección de amplitudes de velocidad superficial extremadamente bajas (tan bajas como 2 mm/s).
* Mediciones de alta precisión de miles de frecuencias del modo solar (hasta 1 parte en 10^5).

Conclusiones:

* Los modos de oscilación globalmente coherentes son una poderosa herramienta para la sismología solar.
* Estos modos proporcionan una visión sin precedentes de la estructura interna del Sol.
* La investigación en curso continúa refinando nuestra comprensión de la dinámica solar a través del análisis de oscilación.