Video Experimental Relacionado
Updated: Jul 12, 2026
14:14
The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
Published on: May 13, 2022
Política de innovación industrial: lecciones de la historia estadounidense
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 18, 1983
Resumen
La financiación gubernamental de I + D es más efectiva cuando está alineada con las necesidades de adquisición, apoya la investigación genérica o se centra en las necesidades específicas del cliente. Las políticas que intentan seleccionar ganadores comerciales han fracasado históricamente.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Economía de la innovación en la economía de la innovación.
- Política de Ciencia y Tecnología Política de Ciencia y Tecnología.
- Organizaciones industriales Organizaciones industriales Organizaciones industriales Organizaciones industriales Organizaciones industriales Organizaciones industriales
Sus antecedentes:
- La financiación gubernamental influye significativamente en la investigación y el desarrollo (I + D) y el avance tecnológico.
- Comprender el impacto histórico de las políticas de I+D es crucial para el crecimiento económico futuro.
- Las pasadas estrategias de apoyo a la I + D han variado en diferentes industrias.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Analizar la relación histórica entre el apoyo gubernamental a la I+D y el cambio técnico.
- Identificar los tipos de políticas de I + D del gobierno exitosas y fallidas en las principales industrias estadounidenses.
- Proporcionar información para optimizar las futuras estrategias de financiación de I+D.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis histórico del apoyo gubernamental a la I + D y el cambio técnico.
- Estudios de caso en las siete principales industrias estadounidenses.
- Evaluación comparativa de diferentes intervenciones en las políticas de I+D.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificaron tres tipos de políticas de I + D exitosas: apoyo de I + D impulsado por adquisiciones, investigación genérica descentralizada e I + D aplicada descentralizada orientada a la clientela.
- El apoyo gubernamental a la I + D para tecnologías con interés de adquisición directa resultó efectivo.
- Los sistemas descentralizados para la I + D genérica y aplicada demostraron tener éxito.
- Las políticas que intentan "elegir ganadores" en la I+D aplicada comercial fueron consistentemente infructuosas.
Conclusiones:
- El apoyo gubernamental a la I + D es más efectivo cuando está estratégicamente alineado con intereses específicos y estructuras descentralizadas.
- La I + D impulsada por la adquisición, el apoyo a la investigación genérica y la I + D aplicada orientada a la clientela son enfoques de política recomendados.
- La selección directa del gobierno de los ganadores comerciales de I + D es una estrategia ineficaz.
Videos de Conceptos Relacionados
01:06Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle boxes...
01:25Impact of Individuals on a Group
In social psychology, the interplay between individuals and groups is a central concern, particularly regarding how individual actions and characteristics influence group processes and outcomes. While much research emphasizes the group's power in shaping individual behavior, it is equally significant to understand how individuals contribute to the functioning, development, and success of groups.Individual Roles in Group Productivity and Decision-MakingIndividuals are not passive participants in...
01:22Bioreactor Controls-III
Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
01:21Cognitive Learning
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
01:14Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is a fundamental concept that describes how effectively a machine can convert input work into output work. According to this concept, the efficiency of a machine is equal to the ratio of the output work to the input work. An ideal machine, meaning a machine that has no energy losses, has an efficiency of one. This implies that the input work and the output work are equal.
However, in reality, no machine can be truly ideal, and all of them experience some...
However, in reality, no machine can be truly ideal, and all of them experience some...
01:14Scale-Up Processes
The scale-up of microbial fermentation processes is essential in industrial biotechnology, allowing the transition from laboratory-scale experiments to commercial-scale production while aiming to maintain product yield and quality. This process requires meticulous adjustment of equipment design, process parameters, and contamination control strategies to accommodate increasing culture volumes.At the laboratory scale, cultures are typically maintained in 1 to 10-liter glass or autoclavable...