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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Hydrogen Bonds00:26

Hydrogen Bonds

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen Bonds Control the World!Because hydrogen has very weak electronegativity when it binds with a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen, electrons in the bond are...
Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses01:14

Gravitation Between Spherically Symmetric Masses

The gravitational potential energy between two spherically symmetric bodies can be calculated from the masses and the distance between the bodies, assuming that the center of mass is concentrated at the respective centers of the bodies.
Detection of Black Holes01:10

Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
Their closest cousins are neutron stars, which are composed almost entirely of neutrons packed against each other, making them extremely dense. A neutron star has the same mass as the Sun but its diameter is only a few kilometers. Therefore, the escape velocity from their surface is close to the speed of light.
Not until the 1960s, when the first neutron...
Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jul 12, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Búsqueda de hidrógeno superpesado interestelar.

M Jura, D G York

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |April 2, 1982
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Los astrónomos buscaron partículas superpesadas (X+) que imitan el hidrógeno neutro en los espectros estelares. Se estableció un límite superior para la abundancia de X+, encontrándola extremadamente rara en el medio interestelar.

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • * Física de partículas y astrofísica.
    • * Estudios de la abundancia cósmica

    Sus antecedentes:

    • * Los modelos teóricos predicen partículas elementales estables y superpesadas más allá de la masa del protón.
    • * Estas partículas, si tienen carga positiva (X+), podrían formar átomos neutros con electrones.
    • * Estos análogos de hidrógeno superpesado podrían existir en el medio interestelar.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • * Para buscar evidencia de partículas superpesadas (X+) en las observaciones astronómicas.
    • * Para restringir la abundancia cósmica de hipotéticas partículas superpesadas.

    Principales métodos:

    • * Análisis de espectros estelares, específicamente dirigidos a la firma espectral del hidrógeno neutro superpesado.
    • * Observación de la línea de visión hacia la brillante estrella gamma Cassiopeiae.

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    Principales resultados:

    • * No se encontró evidencia definitiva de la existencia de la partícula superpesada X+.
    • * Un límite superior para la abundancia relativa de X+ al hidrógeno normal se estableció en 2 x 10{-8}.

    Conclusiones:

    • * La abundancia cósmica de la buscada partícula superpesada X+ está muy limitada.
    • * Los hallazgos ponen límites a ciertos modelos de física de partículas que predicen tales partículas.