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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
States of Water01:23

States of Water

Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
12:11

Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

Published on: April 8, 2020

Agua de nube cirrus altamente sobreenfriada: confirmación e implicaciones climáticas.

K Sassen, K N Liou, S Kinne

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |January 25, 1985
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Los investigadores detectaron gotas de nubes líquidas superenfriadas en las nubes cirrostratus usando lidar y aviones. Estos hallazgos sugieren que las capas líquidas en las nubes cirrus alteran significativamente el calentamiento atmosférico y el presupuesto radiativo de la superficie.

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    Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
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    Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry
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    Published on: April 8, 2020

    Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols
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    Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

    Published on: April 21, 2017

    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Ciencias de la atmósfera Ciencias atmosféricas.
    • Física de las nubes Física de las nubes.
    • La detección remota de detección remota.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Las nubes Cirrostratus son un componente significativo del presupuesto radiativo de la Tierra.
    • La presencia y las propiedades del agua líquida en las nubes frías de cirro siguen siendo inciertas.
    • Comprender estas propiedades es crucial para el modelado climático preciso.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Para investigar la presencia y las características de las gotas de nubes líquidas a temperaturas bajo cero en nubes cirrostratus.
    • Para cuantificar las implicaciones radiativas de estas capas líquidas.

    Principales métodos:

    • Utilizó un radar láser de polarización basado en tierra (lidar) para la teledetección.
    • Empleado en mediciones de aeronaves in situ para muestreo directo.
    • Cálculos de presupuesto de radiación infrarroja solar y térmica realizados.

    Principales resultados:

    • Confirmó la existencia de gotas de nubes líquidas superenfriadas cerca de -40°C en la base de una nube de cirrostratus.
    • Los cálculos del presupuesto radiativo indicaron alteraciones significativas en la distribución del calor atmosférico.
    • Cambios potenciales observados en el presupuesto radiativo de la superficie debido a estas capas líquidas.

    Conclusiones:

    • Las capas líquidas pueden existir en las nubes de cirros a temperaturas significativamente por debajo del punto de congelación.
    • Estas capas líquidas tienen un impacto sustancial en la transferencia radiativa atmosférica.
    • Se necesita más investigación para comprender completamente las implicaciones climáticas de las nubes cirrus que contienen líquidos.