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El gran terremoto de tumaco, colombia el terremoto del 12 de diciembre de 1979
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 30, 1981
Resumen
El terremoto de Colombia-Ecuador de 1979 (magnitud 8) fue un evento importante de la zona de subducción. Causó un importante hundimiento costero, elevación de la costa y un tsunami destructivo, que afectó edificios y tierra.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Geofísica y Sismología.
- Tectónica y dinámica de las zonas de subducción.
- Peligros naturales y investigación de desastres.
Sus antecedentes:
- Se identificó una brecha sísmica significativa en el noroeste de América del Sur antes del evento.
- La región se caracteriza por la convergencia de las placas tectónicas, lo que lleva a la actividad de la zona de subducción.
- Los terremotos en esta área plantean riesgos sustanciales debido a la proximidad a las regiones costeras pobladas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para analizar las características y consecuencias del terremoto de foco superficial de 1979 cerca de Tumaco, Colombia.
- Para investigar el mecanismo de falla de empuje y su relación con la zona de subducción.
- Para documentar la deformación costera resultante, los tsunamis y los impactos de las sacudidas del suelo.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis de datos sísmicos para determinar la ubicación, magnitud y mecanismo focal del terremoto.
- Mediciones geodésicas para cuantificar el hundimiento costero y la elevación en alta mar.
- Modelado de tsunamis y observaciones de campo para evaluar la inundación y el impacto.
- Encuestas de intensidad macrosísmica para mapear los efectos y daños de las sacudidas del suelo.
Principales resultados:
- El terremoto de magnitud 8 fue el resultado de la falla de empuje en un segmento de 280 x 130 km de la zona de subducción.
- Se produjo un importante hundimiento costero (hasta 1,6 metros) a lo largo de un tramo de 200 km, con elevación concurrente en alta mar.
- El evento generó un tsunami destructivo y una extensa sacudida del suelo (intensidad VI-IX), causando el colapso de edificios y la licuefacción.
Conclusiones:
- El terremoto de 1979 validó las previsiones de llenado de vacíos sísmicos en la región.
- El evento demostró el significativo potencial de peligro de los grandes terremotos de la zona de subducción en el noroeste de América del Sur.
- La deformación observada y el tsunami resaltan la compleja interacción entre la ruptura de fallas y la geomorfología costera.
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