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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
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Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

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Video Experimental Relacionado

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
08:55

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Un estudio de rayos X sincrotrón de una transición de fase sólido-sólido en un cristal bidimensional.

S G Wolf, E M Landau, M Lahav

    Science (New York, N.Y.)
    |December 2, 1988
    PubMed
    Resumen

    Los investigadores observaron una transición de fase a nivel molecular en una monocapa quiral de Langmuir. Esta transición sólido-sólido, impulsada por la presión superficial, altera el empaque molecular y la estructura cristalina.

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    Área de la Ciencia:

    • Ciencias de la superficie Ciencias de la superficie.
    • Ciencia de los materiales ciencia de los materiales.
    • Cristalografía de rayos X con rayos X.

    Sus antecedentes:

    • Las monocapas de Langmuir proporcionan una plataforma 2D para el estudio del comportamiento molecular.
    • Las transiciones de fase son fenómenos críticos en la física de la materia condensada.
    • Las moléculas quirales introducen propiedades estructurales y de embalaje únicas.

    Objetivo del estudio:

    • Para investigar la transición de fase a nivel molecular en una monocapa quiral de Langmuir.
    • Para caracterizar los cambios estructurales que ocurren durante la compresión.
    • Para entender el papel de la conformación molecular en el embalaje.

    Principales métodos:

    • El área de presión superficial (pi-A) es la medida de la isoterma.
    • Difracción de rayos X de incidencia de pastoreo (GIXD) para el análisis estructural.
    • Reflectividad de rayos X (XRR) para la orientación molecular y el perfil de densidad.

    Principales resultados:

    • Se identificó una transición de fase sólido-sólido a aproximadamente 25 mN/m.
    • La difracción de rayos X reveló una transición de una red hexagonal a una red hexagonal distorsionada.
    • El ángulo de inclinación molecular cambió de ~16-26 grados por debajo de la transición a la alineación vertical por encima de ella.
    • Se observó un aumento de la cristalinidad y la longitud de coherencia a presiones más altas.

    Conclusiones:

    • La monocapa quiral de Langmuir sufre un reordenamiento estructural inducido por la presión.
    • La inclinación molecular y la distorsión de la red son características clave de la fase de baja presión.
    • La alineación molecular vertical y el embalaje hexagonal se favorecen a presiones más altas.
    • La conformación helicoidal de la cola fluorada influye en la formación de la red hexagonal.