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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Degree of Unsaturation02:05

Degree of Unsaturation

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The degree of unsaturation (U), or index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD), is defined as the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound and the acyclic alkane with the same number of carbon atoms. Each double bond or ring costs two hydrogen atoms compared to a saturated analog and results in one degree of unsaturation.
The degree of unsaturation for hydrocarbons is U = (2C + 2 − H) / 2, where C is the number of carbon atoms and H is the number of hydrogen atoms.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

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Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
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Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

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In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
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Simulation of the Planetary Interior Differentiation Processes in the Laboratory
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Saturación de metales en el manto superior.

Arno Rohrbach1, Chris Ballhaus, Ute Golla-Schindler

  • 1Mineralogisches-Petrologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany. rohrbaa@web.de

Nature
|September 28, 2007
PubMed
Resumen

La oxidación del manto superior de la Tierra es un fenómeno de poca profundidad, restringido a los 250 km superiores. Es probable que la astenosfera más profunda contenga hierro metálico estable, lo que afecta la petrología del manto y el contenido volátil.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • La geoquímica es la geoquímica.
  • Física mineral Física de los minerales
  • La geodinámica es la geodinámica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La fugacidad del oxígeno (fO2) es una variable clave en la petrología del manto, que influye en la fusión, la solubilidad volátil y la reología.
  • El manto superior parece oxidado, capaz de almacenar volátiles como H2O y CO2.
  • Sigue siendo incierto si este manto superficial oxidado es representativo de todo el manto superior.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la fugacidad de oxígeno y el estado redox de la astenosfera más profunda.
  • Para determinar si el hierro metálico es estable a profundidades superiores a 250 km dentro del manto de la Tierra.

Principales métodos:

  • Síntesis experimental a alta presión de minerales del manto (piróxeno, granate).
  • Experimentos realizados a presiones superiores a 7 GPa en equilibrio con hierro metálico (Fe).
  • Análisis de la incorporación de hierro férrico en minerales sintetizados.

Principales resultados:

  • Los minerales del manto sintetizados a >7 GPa incorporan hierro férrico significativo cuando están en equilibrio con el metal Fe.
  • Esto indica que el manto por debajo de aproximadamente 250 km de profundidad está lo suficientemente reducido como para que el metal (Fe,Ni) sea estable.
  • La naturaleza oxidada del manto superior es probablemente un fenómeno poco profundo.

Conclusiones:

  • El manto superior de la Tierra no se oxida uniformemente; la reducción y la saturación de metales ocurren por debajo de ~250 km.
  • La oxidación se restringe a una chapa poco profunda, lo que afecta nuestra comprensión de los procesos del manto.
  • Este hallazgo revisa el modelo del estado redox del manto y sus implicaciones para el ciclo volátil.