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La duplicación de genes y la evolución adaptativa de un interruptor genético clásico
Chris Todd Hittinger1, Sean B Carroll
1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. cthittinger@wustl.edu
Nature
|October 12, 2007
Resumen
La duplicación y divergencia de genes crean novedad genética. En la levadura, este proceso resolvió un conflicto adaptativo, especializando las funciones genéticas ancestrales para mejorar la regulación y la aptitud.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Biología evolutiva Biología evolutiva.
- Genética molecular genética molecular.
- Genética de la levadura genética de la levadura.
Sus antecedentes:
- La duplicación genética y la divergencia son factores clave de la novedad genética y la adaptación.
- La evidencia experimental de estos procesos ha sido limitada.
- La vía de utilización de galactosa de la levadura involucra genes parálogos (GAL1, GAL3) originados en un solo gen ancestral.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para investigar los procesos evolutivos que dan forma a los genes parálogos.
- Evaluar el impacto de las sustituciones de secuencias codificantes y no codificantes en la aptitud del organismo.
- Para entender cómo la duplicación de genes resuelve los conflictos adaptativos.
Principales métodos:
- Genómica comparativa de los genes de la vía de la galactosa de la levadura.
- Análisis experimental de los efectos de la sustitución génica en la aptitud física.
- Evaluación de la evolución de la secuencia reguladora.
Principales resultados:
- La duplicación del gen bifuncional ancestral resolvió un conflicto adaptativo en la regulación transcripcional.
- La evolución posterior a la duplicación favoreció nuevas configuraciones de sitios de unión.
- La divergencia funcional condujo a genes especializados, incluido uno de los más regulados en el genoma.
Conclusiones:
- La duplicación y divergencia de genes son cruciales para resolver conflictos adaptativos y generar novedad genética.
- Las presiones evolutivas pueden llevar a la especialización de las funciones genéticas después de la duplicación.
- La vía de galactosa de la levadura ejemplifica cómo la duplicación de genes impulsa la adaptación y la regulación compleja.
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02:37Gene Duplication and Divergence
The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
02:08Gene Conversion
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
02:08Gene Conversion
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
01:57Gene Families
Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
02:32Exon Recombination
The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
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02:46Genome Copying Errors
DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.