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Mejorar la supervivencia infantil a través de intervenciones ambientales y nutricionales: la importancia de dirigir
Emmanuela Gakidou1, Shefali Oza, Cecilia Vidal Fuertes
1Initiative for Global Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
JAMA
|October 24, 2007
Resumen
La implementación de intervenciones ambientales y nutricionales reduce significativamente la mortalidad infantil, especialmente cuando se da prioridad a las poblaciones empobrecidas. Estos esfuerzos contribuyen sustancialmente al logro de los objetivos mundiales de reducción de la mortalidad infantil.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Global La salud global.
- Salud Ambiental Salud del medio ambiente.
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
Sus antecedentes:
- Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) de las Naciones Unidas abordan la pobreza, la salud y la sostenibilidad.
- Las interacciones entre las intervenciones de los ODM están poco estudiadas.
- Comprender estas interacciones es crucial para la asignación de recursos.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Estimar la reducción de la mortalidad infantil por las intervenciones ambientales y nutricionales de los ODM.
- Evaluar cómo varían los efectos de la intervención según el estatus económico del beneficiario.
Principales métodos:
- Modelado comparativo de evaluación de riesgos a nivel de población.
- Análisis estratificado por estatus económico utilizando encuestas demográficas y de salud.
- Se utilizaron datos de mortalidad infantil de la OMS y metanálisis epidemiológicos.
Principales resultados:
- Las intervenciones universales podrían salvar anualmente a 0,49 millones (América Latina / Caribe), 0,80 millones (Asia meridional) y 1,47 millones (África subsahariana) de niños menores de 5 años.
- La cobertura del 50% dando prioridad a los pobres produce mayores reducciones de mortalidad que dar prioridad a los grupos más ricos.
- Los beneficios representan entre el 30% y el 48% de las brechas regionales para las metas de la mortalidad infantil de los ODM.
Conclusiones:
- Las intervenciones nutricionales y ambientales de los ODM avanzan significativamente en los objetivos de reducción de la mortalidad infantil.
- Priorizar las intervenciones para las poblaciones empobrecidas maximiza la reducción de la mortalidad infantil.
- Las estrategias de intervención integradas son clave para lograr los objetivos mundiales de salud.
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