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Eukaryotic cells have different motor proteins for transporting various cargo within the cell. These motor proteins differ based on the filament they associate with, the direction they move within the cell, and the type of cargo they transport. Motor proteins that associate with microtubules are known as microtubule-associated motor proteins. There are two families of microtubule-associated motor proteins —Kinesins and Dyneins. Both these proteins assist in the transport of cellular...
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In eukaryotic cells,  cytoskeletal filaments such as actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments form a mesh-like cytoskeletal network. These filaments serve as tracks for transporting cellular cargo. Specialized motor proteins use the chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for this transport. During interphase, microtubules are polarized, with the plus-end towards the cell periphery and the minus-end towards the cell center. Two microtubule-associated motor proteins,...
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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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Cómo la cinesin espera entre los pasos.

Teppei Mori1, Ronald D Vale, Michio Tomishige

  • 1Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Nature
|November 16, 2007
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las proteínas motoras de la kinesin-1 se mueven a lo largo de los microtúbulos utilizando un movimiento de mano sobre mano. Nuevos sensores smFRET revelan que la quinesina-1 utiliza principalmente un estado de dos cabezas durante el movimiento, cambiando a un estado de una sola cabeza cuando el ATP es escaso.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Proteínas motoras moleculares Proteínas motoras moleculares
  • Mecanismos de transporte de las células.
  • La biofísica es la biofísica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La kinesin-1 es una proteína dimérica motora esencial para el transporte intracelular a lo largo de los microtúbulos.
  • Su motilidad processiva depende de la hidrólisis de ATP y un movimiento de mano sobre mano de sus dos cabezas.
  • Se debate la "conformación de espera" de la cinesin-1 entre pasos, específicamente el número de cabezas atadas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar el estado de unión de las cabezas de kinesin-1 durante el movimiento procesivo.
  • Para diferenciar entre los estados de una cabeza y dos cabezas de kinesin-1 en los microtúbulos.
  • Para aclarar el papel de la concentración de ATP en el mecanismo escalonado de la quinesina-1.

Principales métodos:

  • Desarrollo de dos sensores de transferencia de energía de resonancia Förster (smFRET) de una sola molécula.
  • Utilizando el smFRET para detectar los estados estructurales del dímer de kinesin-1 durante la translocación de microtúbulos.
  • Medición del comportamiento de la cinesin-1 bajo diferentes concentraciones de ATP.

Principales resultados:

  • La kinesin-1 adopta predominantemente una conformación de dos cabezas cuando el ATP está saturado.
  • A bajas concentraciones de ATP, la quinesina-1 entra en un estado de espera de una cabeza.
  • Las breves transiciones a un intermediario de dos cabezas se producen durante el movimiento a niveles limitantes de ATP.

Conclusiones:

  • El ciclo de la ATPasa y la disponibilidad de ATP dictan los estados de unión de la kinesin-1.
  • Se propone un modelo donde las transiciones del ciclo de ATPasa posicionan las cabezas para el movimiento de mano sobre mano.
  • Esto aclara el mecanismo subyacente a la motilidad processiva de la quinesina-1.