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Ampliar las intervenciones para la prevención de enfermedades crónicas: la evidencia
Thomas A Gaziano1, Gauden Galea, K Srinath Reddy
1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. tgaziano@partners.org
Lancet (London, England)
|December 8, 2007
Resumen
Las intervenciones rentables para las enfermedades crónicas son cruciales para los países de ingresos bajos y medios. El control del tabaco, la reducción de la sal y el manejo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares muestran una fuerte viabilidad para la ampliación.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Economía de la salud Economía de la salud
- Enfermedades no transmisibles Las enfermedades no transmisibles.
Sus antecedentes:
- Las enfermedades crónicas representan una carga significativa para la salud mundial, particularmente en los países de ingresos bajos y medios.
- Las intervenciones deben ser rentables y financieramente viables para una implementación generalizada.
- La evidencia existente sobre las intervenciones políticas para las principales enfermedades crónicas necesita una revisión exhaustiva.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar las estimaciones de costo-efectividad de las intervenciones políticas para enfermedades crónicas.
- Evaluar la viabilidad de ampliar las intervenciones en diversos entornos económicos.
- Identificar estrategias efectivas para reducir la morbilidad y la mortalidad por enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes, cáncer y enfermedades respiratorias crónicas.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática de los datos de rentabilidad para las intervenciones de políticas personales y basadas en la población.
- La inclusión de datos de regiones de bajos, medianos y altos ingresos.
- Evaluación de las lagunas de evidencia donde los datos de efectividad o rentabilidad son limitados.
Principales resultados:
- La fuerte evidencia de costo-efectividad apoya la ampliación de las medidas de control del tabaco.
- Las estrategias de reducción de la sal y los regímenes de medicamentos múltiples para pacientes con enfermedades cardiovasculares de alto riesgo son factibles.
- Se recomienda una mayor investigación sobre la reducción de la ingesta de grasas saturadas y trans para la prevención de enfermedades cardiovasculares.
Conclusiones:
- Las intervenciones para el control del tabaco, la reducción de la sal y el manejo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares son rentables y factibles para la ampliación.
- Las intervenciones políticas dirigidas a la dieta, los sistemas de salud y los comportamientos personales pueden reducir significativamente la carga de las enfermedades crónicas.
- La implementación de políticas basadas en la evidencia es clave para abordar las enfermedades crónicas a nivel mundial.
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