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Videos de Conceptos Relacionados

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and 1:1...
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation02:38

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Halogenation

Introduction
Halogenation is another class of electrophilic addition reactions where a halogen molecule gets added across a π bond. In alkynes, the presence of two π bonds allows for the addition of two equivalents of halogens (bromine or chlorine). The addition of the first halogen molecule forms a trans-dihaloalkene as the major product and the cis isomer as the minor product. Subsequent addition of the second equivalent yields the tetrahalide.
Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...

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Video Experimental Relacionado

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The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique
12:43

The Synthesis of [Sn10(Si(SiMe3)3)4]2- Using a Metastable Sn(I) Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

¿Existe el "superátomo" en grupos de aluminio halogenado?

Young-Kyu Han1, Jaehoon Jung

  • 1Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Corporate R&D, LG Chem, Ltd., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-380, Korea.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|December 11, 2007
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los grupos de aluminio halogenado están estabilizados por su naturaleza mágica inherente, no por la química superatómica. Los elementos electronegativos perturban las órbitas moleculares, estabilizando el núcleo de aluminio, de manera similar a las interacciones entre racimos de metales y ligandos.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Química Inorgánica La química inorgánica es la química inorgánica.
  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química cuántica es la química cuántica.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los clústeres de aluminio (Aln) se estudian por sus propiedades electrónicas y estructurales únicas.
  • La química superatómica y los conceptos de número mágico de racimo a menudo se invocan para explicar la estabilidad de racimo.
  • El papel de los elementos electronegativos en la modificación de las propiedades del cúmulo requiere una mayor investigación.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la estabilidad y la estructura electrónica de los grupos de aluminio halogenado (AlnXx).
  • Determinar si la química superatómica u otros factores explican la mayor estabilidad de estos cúmulos.
  • Explorar la relación entre la composición del cúmulo y las perturbaciones electrónicas.

Principales métodos:

  • Se emplearon cálculos teóricos para estudiar la estructura electrónica y la estabilidad de los grupos de aluminio halogenado.
  • Análisis de las perturbaciones orbitales moleculares inducidas por la presencia de átomos de halógeno.
  • Comparación de las tendencias de estabilidad con los fenómenos establecidos del número mágico de cúmulos y los modelos superatómicos.

Principales resultados:

  • Los grupos de aluminio halogenado no exhiben las características de los superátomos.
  • La estabilidad mejorada se atribuye a la naturaleza mágica intrínseca de los grupos.
  • Los sustituyentes de halógenos electronegativos perturban significativamente las orbitales moleculares, estabilizando el núcleo de aluminio electropositivo.

Conclusiones:

  • La química superatómica no es el principal impulsor de la estabilidad de los grupos de aluminio halogenado.
  • La estabilidad observada está bien explicada por los números mágicos del racimo y la estabilización electrónica a través de la halogenación.
  • Los hallazgos ofrecen información sobre la química de los grupos metálicos y ligandos y son aplicables a otros sistemas relacionados.