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Recuperación cognitiva en niños pequeños socialmente desfavorecidos: el proyecto de intervención temprana de Bucarest
Charles A Nelson1, Charles H Zeanah, Nathan A Fox
1Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
Science (New York, N.Y.)
|December 22, 2007
Resumen
Los niños en instituciones mostraron un desarrollo cognitivo más pobre. La colocación temprana en hogares de acogida mejoró significativamente los resultados cognitivos, especialmente para los niños más pequeños, destacando los beneficios de los entornos familiares.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Psicología del desarrollo Psicología del desarrollo.
- Estudios de bienestar infantil Estudios de bienestar infantil.
- La neurociencia es la neurociencia.
Sus antecedentes:
- La institucionalización temprana puede tener un impacto negativo en el desarrollo infantil.
- Comprender los efectos del cuidado institucional frente al cuidado de crianza es crucial para el bienestar infantil.
- La identificación de períodos sensibles para el desarrollo cognitivo es clave para intervenciones efectivas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Para comparar el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños abandonados en cuidado institucional versus cuidado de crianza.
- Investigar los resultados cognitivos a largo plazo asociados con la institucionalización temprana.
- Para determinar si hay un período sensible para el desarrollo cognitivo en respuesta a los cambios ambientales.
Principales métodos:
- Se empleó un diseño de ensayo controlado aleatorio.
- Los participantes eran niños abandonados asignados al azar a un cuidado institucional o de acogida.
- El desarrollo cognitivo se evaluó hasta los 54 meses de edad.
Principales resultados:
- Los niños que permanecen en instituciones exhiben resultados cognitivos significativamente más bajos.
- Los niños trasladados a hogares de acogida mostraron un mejor desarrollo cognitivo en comparación con los de instituciones.
- Las mejoras cognitivas más sustanciales se observaron en los niños más pequeños colocados en hogares de acogida.
Conclusiones:
- La institucionalización temprana tiene efectos perjudiciales en el desarrollo cognitivo.
- La colocación en cuidado de crianza ofrece ventajas significativas para el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños abandonados.
- Los resultados sugieren un período sensible para el desarrollo cognitivo, lo que enfatiza la importancia de las colocaciones oportunas basadas en la familia.
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