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¿Qué es lo que funciona? Intervenciones para la desnutrición materna y infantil y la supervivencia
Zulfiqar A Bhutta1, Tahmeed Ahmed, Robert E Black
1Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. zulfiqar.bhutta@aku.edup
Lancet (London, England)
|January 22, 2008
Resumen
Las intervenciones efectivas de nutrición materna e infantil pueden reducir significativamente el retraso en el crecimiento y la mortalidad. Abordar las causas subyacentes como la pobreza y mejorar la educación son cruciales para la eliminación a largo plazo de la desnutrición.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Pública y Nutrición.
- Salud Global La salud global.
- Salud Materna y Infantil.
Sus antecedentes:
- La desnutrición materna e infantil sigue siendo un desafío crítico para la salud mundial, que afecta la supervivencia, el crecimiento y el desarrollo.
- Las intervenciones existentes se dirigen a varios aspectos de la nutrición, la prevención de enfermedades y estrategias de apoyo.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar las intervenciones que afectan a la desnutrición materna e infantil y los resultados relacionados con la nutrición.
- Evaluar el impacto potencial de las intervenciones actuales en el retraso en el crecimiento, la mortalidad y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática de las intervenciones, incluida la promoción de la lactancia materna, la alimentación complementaria, la suplementación de micronutrientes y las estrategias de reducción de enfermedades.
- Utilizó un modelo de cohorte para proyectar los efectos de las intervenciones en 36 países de alta carga.
Principales resultados:
- La promoción de la lactancia materna afecta la supervivencia, pero tiene un pequeño efecto en el retraso en el crecimiento.
- La educación alimentaria complementaria y los suplementos alimenticios muestran efectos positivos en las puntuaciones Z de altura por edad.
- El manejo de la desnutrición aguda grave, incluidos los alimentos terapéuticos listos para usar, reduce significativamente las tasas de mortalidad de los casos.
- Las intervenciones de micronutrientes para mujeres embarazadas (acido fólico de hierro, micronutrientes generales) y niños (vitamina A, zinc, hierro, sal yodada) muestran beneficios.
- Las proyecciones del modelo indican que las intervenciones podrían reducir el retraso en el crecimiento en un 36% y la mortalidad en un 25%.
Conclusiones:
- Las actuales intervenciones de nutrición y prevención de enfermedades ofrecen un potencial sustancial para reducir el retraso en el crecimiento y la mortalidad infantil.
- La eliminación a largo plazo del retraso en el crecimiento requiere abordar los determinantes subyacentes como la pobreza, la educación y el empoderamiento de las mujeres.
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