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Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal Gene Transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Types of Genetic Transfer Between Organisms

Genetic transfer occurs when genetic information is passed from one organism to another. It occurs via two mechanisms: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. Vertical gene transfer occurs when genetic information is transferred from one generation to the next, which happens much more frequently than horizontal gene transfer. Both sexual and asexual reproduction are forms of vertical gene transfer, where one or more organisms pass some or all of their genome onto their progeny.

Transduction

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...

Conjugation

Conjugation

Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...

Mechanism of Conjugation

Mechanism of Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer that enables the exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells through direct contact. This process is facilitated by a donor cell carrying a conjugative plasmid, which encodes genes necessary for pilus formation, DNA replication, and transfer. The conjugative plasmid plays a central role in initiating and executing the transfer of genetic material.The tra region of the conjugative plasmid encodes proteins responsible for...

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Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli

Detection of Horizontal Gene Transfer Mediated by Natural Conjugative Plasmids in E. coli

Published on: March 24, 2023

Visualización directa de la transferencia horizontal de genes.

Ana Babic¹, Ariel B Lindner, Marin Vulic

¹INSERM U571, Paris F-75015, France.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|March 15, 2008

Resumen

La conjugación bacteriana, un método para la transferencia de genes, se visualizó en tiempo real utilizando SeqA-YFP en Escherichia coli. Este proceso, mediado por el pilus F, permite la integración o degradación del ADN, y el ADN adquirido a veces se divide durante la división celular.

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Área de la Ciencia:

Microbiología Microbiología.
Biología Molecular Biología Molecular
Genética La genética.

Sus antecedentes:

La conjugación bacteriana es un mecanismo clave para la transferencia horizontal de genes.
Este proceso facilita la propagación de la resistencia a los antibióticos, los factores de virulencia y las adaptaciones metabólicas.
Comprender la dinámica de la conjugación a nivel de una sola célula es crucial para controlar la evolución bacteriana.

Objetivo del estudio:

Para visualizar la conjugación bacteriana en tiempo real dentro de una sola célula de Escherichia coli.
Para investigar el destino del ADN transferido, incluyendo la integración y la degradación.
Para rastrear la herencia y la segregación del material genético adquirido a través de las divisiones celulares.

Principales métodos:

Utilizó una fusión de proteínas fluorescentes, SeqA-YFP, para la visualización en tiempo real de la conjugación.
Se emplearon técnicas de observación de una sola célula en Escherichia coli.
Monitoreo de la transferencia de ADN mediada por el pilus F y el posterior destino del ADN.

Principales resultados:

El pilar F facilita la transferencia de ADN en distancias significativas de célula a célula.
El ADN transferido integrado se produjo en hasta el 96% de las células receptoras; la degradación por RecBCD helicasa / nucleasa se produjo en otros.
Se observó que el ADN integrado adquirido se divide y se segrega con diferentes cromosomas durante la replicación, con aproximadamente un cruce por generación celular.

Conclusiones:

La visualización de una sola célula en tiempo real proporciona nuevos conocimientos sobre la dinámica de la conjugación bacteriana.
La conjugación bacteriana es un proceso altamente dinámico que implica una eficiente transferencia, integración o degradación del ADN.
La división y segregación del ADN observadas durante la replicación contribuyen a la diversidad genética dentro de las poblaciones bacterianas.