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Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions

In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
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Mortar joint deterioration is a significant concern in masonry structures, with water accumulation in the joints leading to damage from freeze-thaw cycles. The repeated expansion of water during freezing and its melting during thawing develop and propagate cracks in the masonry joints. Eventually, this leads to the spalling of mortar from the joints, loosening masonry units and weakening the structure. The deteriorated mortar joints are also vulnerable to moisture intrusion into the walls.
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Humidificación del Ártico inducida por el hombre.

Seung-Ki Min1, Xuebin Zhang, Francis Zwiers

  • 1Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|April 29, 2008
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las actividades humanas, incluidos los gases de efecto invernadero y los aerosoles de sulfato, han alterado de manera demostrable los patrones de precipitación del Ártico. Esta investigación confirma la humedación inducida por el hombre, que afecta la descarga de los ríos del Ártico y las masas de agua del océano.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencias del clima Ciencias del clima Ciencias del clima
  • Investigación del Ártico Investigación del Ártico
  • Hidrología Hidrología Hidrología.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las regiones subpolares del Ártico y del norte son cruciales para la regulación climática global.
  • La retroalimentación del albedo del hielo amplifica el calentamiento del Ártico.
  • Las variaciones de la afluencia de agua dulce influyen en la circulación oceánica global.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la influencia de los factores antropogénicos en las precipitaciones del Ártico.
  • Para comparar simulaciones de modelos climáticos con datos de observación.

Principales métodos:

  • Comparación de datos de observación con simulaciones de 22 modelos climáticos acoplados.
  • Análisis de los cambios de precipitación en las áreas terrestres de latitudes altas (al norte de 55 grados N) durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX.

Principales resultados:

  • Identificó la influencia de los gases de efecto invernadero antropogénicos y los aerosoles de sulfato en los patrones de precipitación del Ártico.
  • La humedación del Ártico inducida por el hombre se alinea con el aumento de la descarga de los ríos del Ártico.
  • El refrescamiento observado de las masas de agua del Ártico es consistente con los hallazgos del modelo.

Conclusiones:

  • La actividad humana ha contribuido significativamente a los cambios hidrológicos en el Ártico.
  • Los factores antropogénicos juegan un papel clave en la alteración de la precipitación del Ártico y los sistemas de agua dulce.