Una intervención informal dirigida por pares en la escuela para la prevención del tabaquismo en la adolescencia
R Campbell1, F Starkey, J Holliday
1Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Rona.Campbell@bristol.ac.uk
Lancet (London, England)
|May 13, 2008
Resumen
El programa ASSIST, una intervención de prevención del tabaquismo dirigida por pares, redujo significativamente las tasas de tabaquismo entre adolescentes en las escuelas secundarias. Este enfoque muestra el potencial de impacto en la salud pública para reducir la prevalencia del tabaquismo entre los jóvenes.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Salud Pública La salud pública.
- Salud de los Adolescentes.
- Ciencias del comportamiento Ciencias del comportamiento.
Sus antecedentes:
- La evidencia sobre los programas de prevención del tabaquismo basados en la escuela es mixta.
- Las evaluaciones rigurosas de las intervenciones dirigidas por pares y fuera del aula son escasas.
- Este estudio evaluó un nuevo programa de prevención del tabaquismo dirigido por pares en escuelas secundarias.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Evaluar la efectividad del programa ASSIST (un ensayo para dejar de fumar en las escuelas).
- Para determinar si los compañeros de apoyo pueden reducir el consumo de tabaco en los adolescentes.
- Evaluar el impacto de la intervención en la prevalencia de tabaquismo inmediatamente y hasta dos años después de la intervención.
Principales métodos:
- El ensayo controlado aleatorizado por clúster involucró a 10.730 estudiantes de entre 12 y 13 años en 59 escuelas de Inglaterra y Gales.
- El grupo de intervención recibió apoyo dirigido por pares fuera de las aulas; el grupo de control recibió la educación habitual sobre el tabaquismo.
- Análisis de la intención de tratar con seguimientos al inicio, inmediatamente después de la intervención y a 1 y 2 años.
Principales resultados:
- Las probabilidades de fumar se redujeron en el grupo de intervención en comparación con el grupo de control en el seguimiento de un año (OR 0,77, IC del 95% 0,59-0,99).
- Se observó una reducción significativa en la prevalencia del tabaquismo en la cohorte general a los 2 años de seguimiento (OR 0,85, IC del 95% 0,72-1,01).
- El modelado multinivel en todos los seguimientos indicó una probabilidad reducida de fumar en las escuelas de intervención (OR 0,78, IC del 95% 0,64-0,96).
Conclusiones:
- La intervención liderada por pares ASSIST demuestra su eficacia en la reducción del tabaquismo en adolescentes.
- La implementación en base a la población podría conducir a un impacto significativo en la salud pública sobre la prevalencia del tabaquismo entre los jóvenes.
- El apoyo de los compañeros fuera del aula es una estrategia viable para la prevención del tabaquismo en las escuelas.
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