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Extendiendo la biosfera del fondo submarino del mar.

Erwan G Roussel1, Marie-Anne Cambon Bonavita, Joël Querellou

  • 1Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extrêmes, UMR 6197, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Ifremer, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzané, France.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
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PubMed
Resumen

Los sedimentos de aguas profundas albergan células procariotas vivas, incluso en los entornos más antiguos y calientes. Este descubrimiento amplía nuestra comprensión de la biosfera profunda y su extensión potencial.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Microbiología Microbiología.
  • Geología Geología Geología.
  • Oceanografía La oceanografía es la oceanografía.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Se estima que los sedimentos del fondo submarino contienen una porción significativa de la biomasa procariótica de la Tierra.
  • Estudios anteriores extrapolaron la vida procariota a grandes profundidades basándose en datos limitados, con los procariotas más profundos conocidos encontrados a solo 842 metros.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la presencia y las características de la vida procariota en sedimentos marinos profundos, antiguos y calientes.
  • Para determinar los límites inferiores de profundidad y temperatura de la biosfera del fondo submarino.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de núcleos de sedimentos del margen de Terranova.
  • Secuenciación del ADN para identificar los organismos procariotas presentes.
  • Análisis geoquímico para determinar la edad de los sedimentos, la temperatura y las fuentes de energía potenciales.

Principales resultados:

  • Se detectaron células procariotas vivas a 1626 metros bajo el fondo marino en sedimentos de 111 millones de años de antigüedad y aproximadamente 100 grados C.
  • Las secuencias de ADN revelaron nuevas arqueas termofílicas e hipertermofílicas no cultivadas dentro de los géneros Pyrococcus y Thermococcus.
  • La evidencia de arqueas anaerobias que oxidan el metano sugiere una biosfera profunda soportada por el metano.

Conclusiones:

  • La biosfera del fondo submarino se extiende a por lo menos 1600 metros por debajo del fondo marino y potencialmente más profundo.
  • El límite superior de temperatura para la vida procariota es de al menos 113 grados C.
  • Los sedimentos marinos profundos y calientes albergan una comunidad microbiana única y previamente desconocida.