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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Regulation of Sodium and Potassium01:26

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The regulation of sodium and potassium ion concentrations in the human body is a complex process governed primarily by hormones such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
Sodium Regulation
Sodium ions make up approximately 90% of extracellular cations, with a normal blood plasma concentration of 136–148 mEq/L. A decrease in blood volume and pressure triggers the release of renin from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC), primarily in...
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Roles of Electrolytes: Sodium and Potassium

Sodium plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and overall bodily homeostasis. Sodium balance is primarily regulated by kidney function, which adjusts sodium elimination to match dietary intake and maintain proper electrolyte levels. Sodium is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) and is found in salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Although cellular plasma membranes are relatively impermeable to sodium, its role in...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Elements and Compounds01:27

Elements and Compounds

Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.ElementsElements are classified as atomic or molecular based on the nature of their basic units. They are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot break down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There...

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Synthesizing Sodium Tungstate and Sodium Molybdate Microcapsules via Bacterial Mineral Excretion
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Published on: January 30, 2018

La diversidad estructural del sodio.

Eugene Gregoryanz1, Lars F Lundegaard, Malcolm I McMahon

  • 1School of Physics and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK. e.gregoryanz@ed.ac.uk

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 24, 2008
PubMed
Resumen

El sodio muestra una temperatura de fusión mínima de alrededor de 118 gigapascals. Esto está vinculado a siete fases cristalinas, revelando un comportamiento complejo bajo condiciones extremas de presión y temperatura.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada
  • Ciencias de la Alta Presión Ciencias de la Alta Presión

Sus antecedentes:

  • El comportamiento de fase del sodio bajo alta presión no se entiende completamente.
  • Estudios anteriores sugirieron estructuras complejas, pero carecían de un mapeo de fase detallado.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Para investigar la curva de fusión del sodio a presiones extremas.
  • Para identificar las fases cristalinas y las transiciones estructurales en el sodio por encima de 100 gigapascals.

Principales métodos:

  • Difracción de rayos X monocristalino bajo alta presión.
  • Control preciso y medición de la presión y la temperatura.

Principales resultados:

  • Se observó un mínimo pronunciado en la temperatura de fusión del sodio alrededor de 118 gigapascales.
  • Se identificaron siete fases cristalinas distintas cerca de este mínimo.
  • Numerosas transiciones estructurales fueron desencadenadas por cambios menores de presión y temperatura.

Conclusiones:

  • El mínimo de la curva de fusión está asociado con fases complejas de sodio.
  • Las condiciones extremas revelan estados sólidos y líquidos extraordinarios del sodio.
  • Los hallazgos tienen implicaciones para la comprensión de otros metales simples bajo presión.