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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
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Forjar nuevos lazos entre los genes de E. coli.

Trey Ideker1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. grey@bioeng.ucsd.edu

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|July 1, 2008
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las redes genéticas diseñadas en Escherichia coli muestran una robustez sorprendente. La mayoría de las nuevas interacciones no tuvieron ningún efecto en el crecimiento, y algunas incluso mejoraron la condición física, revelando información sobre la evolución de la red.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología sintética Biología sintética.
  • Microbiología Microbiología.
  • Biología de sistemas Biología de sistemas.

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las redes reguladoras de genes (GRNs, por sus siglas en inglés) gobiernan las funciones celulares.
  • Comprender la robustez y la evolutividad de las GRN es crucial para las aplicaciones de biología sintética.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el impacto de la introducción de nuevas interacciones transcripcionales en Escherichia coli.
  • Evaluar los efectos de estas interacciones de ingeniería en el crecimiento y la aptitud bacteriana.

Principales métodos:

  • Adición sistemática de nuevas interacciones transcripcionales en Escherichia coli.
  • Pruebas de crecimiento para medir las consecuencias de las modificaciones genéticas en la aptitud física.

Principales resultados:

  • La mayoría de las interacciones transcripcionales diseñadas no tuvieron un impacto negativo en el crecimiento bacteriano.
  • Un subconjunto de las interacciones introducidas mejoró inesperadamente la aptitud bacteriana.
  • Los hallazgos sugieren una robustez inherente dentro de la red de genes de Escherichia coli.

Conclusiones:

  • Las redes de genes de Escherichia coli muestran una robustez significativa para la introducción de nuevos elementos regulatorios.
  • El estudio proporciona evidencia de la evolutividad de las redes de genes, desafiando las suposiciones anteriores.
  • Estas ideas son valiosas para diseñar sistemas biológicos sintéticos más predecibles y adaptables.