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An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because electromagnetic waves contain and transport momentum. The force accounts for the wave's radiation pressure exerted on the object. Maxwell's prediction was confirmed in 1903 by Nichols and Hull by precisely measuring radiation pressures with a torsion balance. The measuring instrument had mirrors suspended from a fiber kept inside a glass container. Nichols...
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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
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Consider an external electric field propagating through a homogeneous medium. When the electric field crosses the surface boundary of the medium, it undergoes a discontinuity. The electric field can be resolved into normal and tangential components. The amount by which the field changes at any boundary is given by the difference between the field components above and below the surface boundary.
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Un choque asimétrico de terminación del viento solar termina con el viento solar.

Edward C Stone1, Alan C Cummings, Frank B McDonald

  • 1California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. ecs@srl.caltech.edu

Nature
|July 4, 2008
PubMed
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La Voyager 2 detectó una mayor intensidad energética de protones en el choque de terminación del viento solar que la Voyager 1. Esto sugiere diferencias en el impacto de choque.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Heliofísica es la heliofísica.
  • La astrofísica es la astrofísica.
  • Física del plasma es la física del plasma.

Sus antecedentes:

  • La Voyager 2 cruzó el choque de terminación del viento solar a 83,7 au, 10 au más cerca que la Voyager 1.
  • Esta diferencia de proximidad sugiere una heliosfera asimétrica.
  • Las posibles causas incluyen la presión del campo magnético interestelar, el movimiento de choque o la presión del viento solar.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la asimetría del choque de terminación del viento solar.
  • Compare las intensidades energéticas de las partículas en los cruces de choque de las Voyager 1 y 2.
  • Determinar la fuente de los rayos cósmicos anómalos y los gradientes de rayos cósmicos galácticos.

Principales métodos:

  • Mediciones in situ de la Voyager 2 en el choque de terminación.
  • Comparación de las intensidades de protones de 4-5 MeV con los datos de la Voyager 1.
  • Análisis de los gradientes de intensidad de helio de los rayos cósmicos galácticos.

Principales resultados:

  • La Voyager 2 observó una intensidad de protones de 4-5 MeV tres veces mayor que la de la Voyager 1.
  • La fuente anómala de rayos cósmicos no fue encontrada en el choque por la Voyager 2.
  • Se detectó un pequeño gradiente de intensidad para el helio de los rayos cósmicos galácticos.

Conclusiones:

  • El choque de terminación es asimétrico, evidenciado por diferentes intensidades de protones.
  • Es probable que la fuente de los rayos cósmicos anómalos no se encuentre en la ubicación del cruce de choque.
  • Los gradientes de rayos cósmicos galácticos pueden extenderse más hacia la envoltura heliosférica o ser más bajos de lo esperado.